WCDMA Site Survey: Security Level

Security
Level:
WCDMA Site Survey
www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

During WCDMA network construction, the
survey on NodeB is intended to provide
detailed construction solutions for the
implementation of network construction to
guide goods preparation, engineering
construction, installation and debugging, and
so on.
The survey results may affect the quality and
smooth implementation of a whole project.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. HUAWEI Confidential Page 2

 After studying this course, you will be able to:
 Be familiar with the process of NodeB survey.
 Master the rules of selecting a NodeB site.
 Understand the design of the antenna system.
 Know the output documents during NodeB survey.

Chapter 1 Definition of Roles in NodeB
Survey
Chapter 2 NodeB Survey Process
Chapter 3 NodeB Survey Report

Definition of Roles in NodeB Survey
 Role definition
− Radio network planning manager: is responsible for the overall pla
nning result as a general organizer for network planning.
− Network planning survey personnel: completes field survey includi
ng spectrum test and site survey under the guidance of the radio net
work planning manager, and outputs the Site Survey Report and Spe
ctrum Test Report.
− Engineering survey personnel: cooperates with the network planni
ng survey personnel to complete site survey.

Survey

NodeB Survey Process
ideal sites list
Output search
rings
Are the sites shared No

with 2G sites? Obtain the
alternative
sites
Yes
Perform site
survey
Does the site No

meet the
requirement?
Yes
Output a
survey
report

Coordination Meeting for NodeB Survey
 Before the survey starts, notify relevant personnel to participate in the co
ordination meeting for survey preparation and complete the following tas
ks:
 Know the local electromagnetic background and conduct a spectrum test i
f necessary.
 Determine and dispatch the survey and cooperation personnel.
 Prepare necessary vehicles and devices.
 Work out a survey plan and determine the survey route. If the area to be s
urveyed is large, divide it into different parts and survey them at the same
time.
 Work out preliminary solutions for transmission and power supply.
 Communicate with the operator to determine the band, antenna azimuth a
nd tilt angle of the existing antenna system in the shared site.
 After fully communicating with the operator, make sure that the areas the
operator focuses on are within the coverage of the local site. Know these
major coverage areas before the survey.

Preparations for NodeB Survey
 After knowing the general situation of the project, try your best to
collect various types of information related to the project,
including:
 Engineering file
 Background information
 Situation of the existing network
 Local map marked with ideal sites
 Contract configuration list
 Latest NodeB survey form for network planning
WCDMA NodeB
Survey Form

 Get in touch with the marketing personnel or the relevant
personnel in the Engineering Department, and record the
phone number of the regional office, operator’s address,
contact’s phone number of the operator, as well as how to
arrive at the site.
 Prepare relevant tools and ensure that they are available
before departure. The tools include:
 Digital camera
 GPS satellite receiver
 Compass
 Tape/laser rangefider
 Portable computer
 Telescope

Tool Usage Precautions
Used to take photos for the

Charge the digital camera in time before using it and check
surrounding radio propagation
Digital camera the battery capacity. It is recommended to carry the camera
environment, roof and shared site of
charger.
the NodeB.
GPS can be used only when more than three satellites are
Used to determine the longitude and searched. In addition, the GPS should be located in the
GPS
latitude of the NodeB. place that is open enough. The projection format is set to
WGS84 and the longitude and latitude format to XX.XXXX˚.
Used to determine the antenna Do not near the iron materials (including the antenna bracket
Compass
azimuth. and antenna pole) to ensure the measurement precision.
Portable
Used to record and save the data.
computer
Tape Used to measure the length.
Used to observe the surrounding

Telescope
environment.
Laser rangefider Used to measure the height of

(optional) buildings.

Precautions on Selecting a NodeB Site
 The network planning personnel need to have an overall understanding of the coverage
area and determine the ideal sites.
 The survey personnel select and survey the preplanned sites one by one. When none o
f the sites meet the requirement, the network planning personnel need to determine alte
rnative sites.
 For complicated coverage areas, the actual propagation test is sometimes needed to ch
eck whether the candidate site can meet the coverage requirement.
 After confirming an ideal site, you need to communicate with the landlord or the land ow
ner to buy or rent it.
 If no alternative site meets the requirement, you need to re-select a NodeB or change t
he coverage requirement till a site selection plan meeting the actual coverage requirem
ent is available.

Principles for Selecting a NodeB Site
 Specific principles for site selection are as follows

:
a. The site should be located in the ideal position of the
regular mesh. An alternative site should be selected fro
m the R/4 search ring. Theoretical
site position

b. In the case that the layout of NodeB is not affected, try to select the existing facilities to reduce co
nstruction cost and shorten the construction period.
c. Avoid selecting a site on the mountain peak of a high altitude (100 m to 300 m higher than the altit
ude of the urban areas) at the edge of urban areas or in the suburban areas. This facilitates you
to control the coverage range and reduces the difficulty of engineering construction, thus realizi
ng convenient maintenance.
d. Build a NodeB in the place with convenient transportation, available mains, secure environment a
nd few arable lands occupied.
e. Avoid building a site near a large-power radio transmitter, a radar station or other interference sou
rces.
f. Build a NodeB in the place far away from the woods to avoid fast fading of the received signals.
g. Consider the impact of signal reflection and time dispersion when selecting a site in the mountain
ous areas, in steep or dense lake areas, in highland cities, or in environment with high-storey m
etal buildings.

h. Flexibly use the height of buildings when selecting a site among buildings in the urban area
to realize network hierarchy.
i. When there are a few NodeBs at the initial phase of network construction, ensure that the
major areas of the selected sites are well covered.
j. Avoid setting the cell edge in the dense user area. Good coverage means that there is only
one primary coverage cell.
k. The first Fresnel zone of the antenna should be free from obstructions.
l. Consider construction on a long-term basis.
m. If a site is selected based on capacity expansion of the existing network, consider the comp
atibility with the NodeB in the existing network during site selection.

Typical Problems During Site Selection
 Unreasonable cell layout imposes a

great impact on network performan
ce, which is more remarkable in the
WCDMA network.
1. Weak signal zone and signal b
lind zone: Too long inter-NodeB
distance, building obstruction an
d insufficient indoor coverage will
cause weak signal zones and sig
nal blind zones.

2. Too large overlapped coverage zone:

When there are too many NodeBs, too
short inter-NodeB distance, improper
forward power allocation and bad
control over cell coverage will make the
inter-NodeB overlapped zone too large
and cause a high softer handover ratio.
Too many strong pilot signals will result
in pilot pollution, BLER and even call
drop.

3. Overreach coverage: Overreach
coverage may occurs when you
construct a NodeB on the high
mountains in the urban or
suburban areas or on the too high
buildings. After you determine the
site and the direction of the main
lobe of the antenna and feeder,
overreach coverage also occurs if
the cell direction is consistent with
the direction of such clutters with
the waveguide effect as the streets
and rivers.

Detailed NodeB Survey
 Shooting the site

 After arriving at a site, take one to two photos of the overall structure of the entry
to the alternative site, the relevant building or the tower.
 Collecting the longitude and latitude information of the NodeB
 Before collecting the longitude and latitude information using GPS on the top of a
building, set the coordinate format of the GPS to WGS-84 and the display format
of the longitude and latitude to XX.XXXX˚. If the operator has other formats, set
them as required by the operator.
 Fill in Network Planning Survey Form for XXX Site in XXX Project on the site
after getting the longitude and latitude information.

 Propagation environment surrounding the NodeB
 Beginning with the North, record the height and the distance to the local NodeB
of the buildings or natural barriers that have the same height as the antenna or
are higher than the antenna in various directions within 500 m of the NodeB.
 Shoot the surrounding radio propagation environment on the antenna
installation platform: beginning with 0˚ (namely the North), shoot the
surrounding radio propagation environment clockwise with the step of 30˚ from
12 directions. On each photo, you need to mark the shooting position and
direction on the finished schematic diagram of the roof plane.
 Observe whether there are antenna systems of other operators near the site
and record them if any.
 Others
Correctly fill in Network Planning Survey Form for XXX Site in XXX
Project on the site.

 Taking photos and drawing a sketch

of the geographical location
 When taking photos, record the angle
information of photos for future
archiving.

 Taking photos and drawing a sketch of the geographical location

 Save the photos in the format that is as small as possible under the
condition that they can be viewed clearly .

 Roof information
 Not constructed sites: On the
roof diagram, mark the installation
position of the antenna and the
basic direction of the cabling rack.
 Constructed sites: The
installation position of an antenna
is restricted by many factors. The
spatial position information of the
antenna installation platform and
the antenna and feeder
parameters of the co-site
heterogeneous systems affect the
installation position of the antenna
to a great extent.

Survey and Design of the Antenna Syste
m
Solution to the antenna system
As an important part of the NodeB
system, the antenna system refers to Jumper for the antenna and feeder
the channel part from the antenna to Grounding facility
the top of the cabinet. It consists of the Fixing facility
antenna, feeder, jumper, tower-
Feeder
mounted amplifier, lightning arrester,
grounding clip, feeder clip, feeder
window, and so on. Grounding facility
Indoor jumper
Tower for the antennas and feeders NodeB

Survey and Design of the Antenna System
Tower mounted amplifier (TMA) is installed on a tower and is near to the
antenna. A ½ jumper of 2m to 3m long is used to connect the TMA and
antenna. The received signal from the antenna can be amplified by the TMA
with a small attenuation. The TMA can improve system sensitivity and uplink
coverage. In addition, it can also reduce the Tx power of the user equipment
(UE) and noise interference within the system, thus improving conversation
quality.
Tower mounted amplifier
Filter for
transmitted signals
Feed current of
the tower Antenna
mounted Bypass
amplifier
Filter for Filter for

Low noise received
received
amplifier signals
signals

Survey and Design of the Antenna System
— Classification of Antennas
 By the radiation direction:

 Directional antenna and omni-directional antenna
 By the appearance:
 Panel antenna, cap antenna, whip antenna and aperture antenna
 By polarization:
 Single polarization antenna and dual polarization antenna

Survey and Design of the Antenna System—Se
lection of Antennas
 Selecting an antenna for the dense urban and urban NodeB
 The directional antenna with a horizontal half-power angle ranging from 6
0˚ to 65˚ is usually selected to realize 3 sectors.
 Intermediate gain antenna (about 15 dBi) for low frequency band (UMTS
900MHz), High gain antenna (18 dBi) for high frequency band( UMTS 20
00Mhz).
 The antenna downtilt should be designed according to site situations, nor
mally from 4˚ to 10˚ with suitable height.
 Electric tilt angle antenna (ranging from 2˚ to 6˚) is recommended and
antenna supported should realize 0˚ to 15˚
 A dual polarization antenna is recommended.
 The main beam of antenna should be direct to high traffic area, import
buildings or regions (airport, emporium, gym, government, hotel, etc)
 Installed antenna locations should be far away to other system tra
nsmitter (like GSM, CDMA, TV tower and other RF transmitter) to
guarantee the isolation and without obvious obstacle to block or r
eflect.
Survey and Design of the Antenna System—Se
lection of Antennas
 Selecting an antenna for the suburban NodeB
 Select a directional antenna with a horizontal half-power angle rangi
ng from 65˚ or 90˚ according to the actual situation.
 The intermediate or high gain antenna of 15 dBi to 18 dBi is select
ed according to frequency band and NodeB density.
 The antenna downtilt should be designed according to site situations
, normally from 0˚ to 6˚ with suitable height.
 Generally, preset tilt antenna is unnecessary.
 Both dual and vertical polarization antennas can be used.
 The main beam of antenna should be direct to high traffic area, im
port buildings or regions
 Installed antenna locations should be far away to other system
transmitter (like GSM, CDMA, TV tower and other RF transm
itter) to guarantee the isolation and without obvious obstacle t
o block or reflect.

Survey and Design of the Antenna System—S
election of Antenna
 Selecting an antenna for the rural NodeB
 Select a directional antenna or an omnidirectional antenna of 90˚ o
r 120˚ according to the actual situation and requirement.
 The gain of the selected directional antenna is usually high (about 18d
Bi).
 Generally, the antenna with a preset tilt angle is not selected and down
tilt was set as 0˚ . Electric tilt angle antenna (ranging from 0˚ to 10˚) c
an be used in special scenery (high mountain site)
 The null filling antenna is preferred in the high NodeB (higher than 40
0m for directional antenna and 200m for omni antenna).
 A vertical polarization antenna is recommended.
 Installed antenna locations should be far away to other system trans
mitter (like GSM, CDMA, TV tower and other RF transmitter) to guar
antee the isolation and without obvious obstacle to block or reflect.

Survey and Design of the Antenna System—S
election of Antenna
 Selecting an antenna for the NodeB on the road
 Usually, the directional antenna with a narrow beam and high gain
(21~22dBi) is selected. The 8-shaped antenna (14dBi), omnidirectio
nal and deformed omnidirectional antenna (12dBi) can also be sele
cted according to the actual situation.
 The antenna with a preset tilt angle is usually not selected and downtil
t was set as 0˚ . because the NodeB on the road has a high requireme
nt for the coverage distance.
 A vertical polarization antenna is recommended .
 The front-back ratio of the selected directional antenna should not be to
o high.
 Installed antenna locations should be far away to other system trans
mitter (like GSM, CDMA, TV tower and other RF transmitter) to guar
antee the isolation and without obvious obstacle to block or reflect.

Survey and Design of the Antenna System—Sel
ection of Antenna
 Selecting an antenna for tunnels

 For tunnels shorter than two kilometers
－ The 10-12dBi Yagi/log periodic antenna/panel antenna is
recommended. You are usually recommended to install them at the
tunnel entrance to cover road tunnels shorter than 2 km.
 For tunnels longer than two kilometers
－ The leaky cables, coaxial cables and distributed fiber systems are
recommended.

Survey and Design of the Antenna System—Sel
ection of Antenna
 Selecting an indoor antenna

 Omnidirectional antenna
－ Small, vertical polarization, and cap or cup antennas with the
gain of 2dBi are recommended. Such antennas are of good
appearance and easy to install.
 Directional antenna
－ Vertical polarization directional antennas with the horizontal
half-power angle of 90˚ and the gain of 7dBi are
recommended.

Survey and Design of the Antenna System—I
nstallation of Antenna
Installation environment is divided into environment near the antenna
and environment near the NodeB. For environment near the antenna,
you need to consider the antenna isolation and the impact of the towe
r and the floor. For environment near the NodeB, you need to consider
the impact of the buildings within 500 m on radio propagation.
Clearance
requirements
surrounding the
antenna
Requirements for antenna

installation against the wall

Survey and Design of the Antenna System—
Installation of Antenna
When installing the NodeB antenna, we need to consider whether th
e antenna will cause a large shadow in its coverage area. In additio
n, we also need to install the antenna in the place away from the bar
riers. For example, antennas should be installed along the edge of t
he building top to prevent the roof from obstructing radio signals.
Distance (m) from the Height (m) from the bottom

antenna to the edge of the of the antenna to the roof of
building the building

Survey and Design of the Antenna System—Inst
allation of Antenna
You can analyze mutual interference between the GSM BTS and the NodeB
from the following aspects:
 Blocking of the GSM BTS on the NodeB
 Spurious impact of the GSM BTS on the reception band of the NodeB
 Blocking of the NodeB on the GSM BTS
 Spurious impact of the NodeB on the GSM reception band
Usually, to meet the isolation requirement for blocking and spurious emission
, antenna isolation is required to exceed 30 dB when the WCDMA, GSM and
DCS share a site.

Survey and Design of the Antenna system — An
tenna Installation Spacing
 In space diversity, the spacing between two Rx antennas should range from 12 λ to
18 λ. 1 λ is equal to 0.15 m (2 GHz).
 The higher the antenna is installed, the larger the horizontal spacing of antenna dive
rsities is. Usually, the horizontal spacing of diversity antennas is 0.11 time as much
as the valid height of the antenna.
 To reach the same diversity effect, the vertical diversity spacing must be five to six ti
mes as much as the horizontal diversity spacing.
 To reduce mutual impacts
between two antennas, the
horizontal spacing of diversity
Diversity distance
antennas need to exceed 3 m of the directional
no matter what the valid height antenna
of the antenna is.

Survey

Survey Documents
WCDMA NodeB Survey Report
Involves the network construction background, pre-planning solution, Node
B engineering parameter list, NodeB distribution diagram, and so on.
WCDMA NodeB Survey Form during Network Planning
Involves the antenna installation position, engineering parameters of variou
s sectors, surrounding environment of the antenna, and so on.
Survey Memo
WCDMA Engineering Parameter List
WCDMA NodeB WCDMA NodeB WCDMA Site WCDMA

Survey Report Survey Form Survey Memo Engineering Parameter List

Thank you
www.huawei.com
Copyright©2011 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All Rights Reserved.

The information in this document may contain predictive statements including, without
limitation, statements regarding the future financial and operating results, future product
portfolio, new technology, etc. There are a number of factors that could cause actual results
and developments to differ materially from those expressed or implied in the predictive
statements. Therefore, such information is provided for reference purpose only and
constitutes neither an offer nor an acceptance. Huawei may change the information at any
time without notice.

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WCDMA Site Survey

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Are the sites shared No

Does the site No

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Used to take photos for the

Tape Used to measure the length.

Used to observe the surrounding

Laser rangefider Used to measure the height of

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 Specific principles for site selection are as follows

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 Unreasonable cell layout imposes a

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2. Too large overlapped coverage zone:

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 Shooting the site

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 Taking photos and drawing a sketch

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 Taking photos and drawing a sketch of the geographical location

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Tower for the antennas and feeders NodeB

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Filter for Filter for

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 By the radiation direction:

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 Selecting an antenna for tunnels

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 Selecting an indoor antenna

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Requirements for antenna

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Distance (m) from the Height (m) from the bottom

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WCDMA NodeB WCDMA NodeB WCDMA Site WCDMA