Cartography and Geoinformatics for Early Warning and

Emergency Management: Towards Better Solutions

Prague, Czech Republic January, 19 – 22, 2009

BRAZILIAN ENVIRONMENTAL OIL SPILL

MAPPING

Prof Dr Paulo Márcio Leal de Menezes

Prof Dr Manoel do Couto Fernandes
Gustavo Mota de Souza
Tatiana Sá Freire Ferreira

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro

IGEO - Geography Dep – Laboratory of Cartography (GeoCart)
E-mail: pmenezes@acd.ufrj.br
RESUME

INTRODUCTION

ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY OIL SPILL MAPS

TERRESTRIAL SENSITIVITY MAPS

APPLIED METHODOLOGY TO CARTOGRAPHY

OF SENSITIVITY OIL SPILL MAPS

CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION

Brazil is not still completely self-sufficient in petroleum

But is going quickly for this situation:

off-shore exploration and recently,

pre-salt layer discoveries

Dimensions of the Country:

pipelines network, ports, refineries, and other petroleum facilities, operating great
oil volumes and derivate, it is ready to have accidents

Oil spills, affecting not only the environment, but also the socioeconomic structure
of the reached area
 Some Data about Brazil

8.514.876,599 km2
water: 55,455 sq km
note: includes Arquipelago de
4300 km
Fernando de Noronha, Atol das
Rocas, Ilha da Trindade, Ilhas
B R A Z IL Martin Vaz, and Penedos de
Pa

4420 k
ci

Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo

fic
O

m
ce
an

n
ea
Oc
tic
la n
At

G r a p h ic S c a le

0 500 1000 1500 2000

S c a le in K ilo m e te r s
Land boundaries:
total: 16,885 km
Border countries:
Argentina 1,261 km, Bolivia 3,423 km, Colombia 1,644 km, French Guiana 730
km, Guyana 1,606 km, Paraguay 1,365 km, Peru 2,995 km, Suriname 593 km,
Uruguay 1,068 km, Venezuela 2,200 km
Coastline:
7,491 km
Maritime claims:
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 nm or to edge of the continental margin
Dimensions of the facilities of petroleum transport and derivates
TRANSPETRO
Total number of operating pipelines: 11 thousand km;
7 thousand km pipelines,
4 thousand km natural gas pipelines,
20 land terminals,
26 waterway terminals.
Maritime Transport:
54 ship fleet,
9 relief/shuttle tankers, for the distribution of ocean oil production,
13 ships for oil and dark product (fuel and bunker) transport,
6 ships for dark and light products (diesel and gasoline),
18 ships for light products,
6 liquefied petroleum gas carriers (LPG),
1 floating oil transfer and storage Unit (FSO),
1 maritime support vessel
Load transported in 2007
Maritime transport: 62 million tons;
In terminals: 10,3 million m³
Trough the pipelines: 671 million m³ oil, by products and alcohol/year
In the natural gas pipelines: 35 million m³ natural gas/day

ACCIDENTS WILL BE HAPPEN

Oil Spill Accidents

Between 1975 and 2008: more than 38 relevant accidents were computed
Occurred in coastal, fluvial and terrestrial areas
Serious damages to the economy, social, biological and physical structure of the
reached areas, including a high loss of human lives in some cases

Last accident occurred in November/ 2008, in Santa Catarina State, when

breaking the natural gas pipeline, due to rainfalls
First Researches
Start in 1998: PETROBRAS (Brazilian Petroleum SA), through CENPES (Research
Center of PETROBRAS)

Concerned in developing an applied methodology to elaborate sensitivity oil spill

maps.
Should be able to assist all company work fronts, including the Amazonian Area,
Northeast of the Country, coastal and fluvial lines, as well as the offshore extraction.

Some public agencies and universities

2002 - Support of the Ministry of Environment (MMA), as well as other research

organizations of petroleum and gas. Included the National Agency of Petroleum
(ANP – controller agency).

Several maps and atlases were done, practically surveyed the whole Brazilian coast.
Since 2006, the research is developed about terrestrial sensitivity, as well as the
linking with coastal sensitivity.
This research is developed by a pool of research organizations
Laboratory of Cartography of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, GeoCart,
works to support in updated maps to the whole work.
ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY OIL SPILL MAPS
Geoecological Mapping
Initial stage of geoecological mapping remounts to beginning of sixties.
Environmental management maps were developed to evaluation of influence of
socioeconomic factors on the environment, including space changes on time.

Geoecological Cartography created during a Symposium of Atlantic Forest

Changes, in Rio de Janeiro, 2000, represents processes occurring on a geographical
space, as a function of one or more analytical-integrative processes, over the
elements of landscape

Involve vulnerabilities, sensitivities, potentialities and risks studies, among others.

For the meaning of environmental sensitivity, the concept establishes the sensitivity
of the landscape to degradation and loss of its working power, presupposing what
can happen in case of the degrading agent exists.

Oil spill sensitivity maps belongs to the group of geoecological mapping.

SAO Maps
Oil Spill Sensitivity Maps (SAO Maps) – Sensibilidade Ao Óleo

Essential tools and primary information source for contingency planning and for
implementation of response actions to oil pollution incidents

Allow to identify priority protection environments and to define of eventual

sacrifice areas

Correct control of available resources and appropriate mobilization of contention

and cleaning teams

To MMA (Ministry of Environment) is attributed the responsibility to identify,

locate and define the limits of sensitive areas, regarding to pollution caused by oil
spills and other noxious or dangerous substances in waters, under national
jurisdiction
MMA developed the Specifications and Technical Norms for the Elaboration of Oil
Spill Environmental Sensitivity Maps for coastal and sea area, supported through
by the experience of the Research Center of PETROBRAS (CENPES)

Mapping methodology was supported on international norms:

International Marine Organization (IMO)

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

For the adaptation and updates to habitats particularities and Brazilian coastal
features, the Brazilian Navy and representatives of petroleum industry were
consulted.

2002 - CONCAR (National Commission of Cartography) validated the developed

methodology passing to be considered valid officials cartographic documents

Nowadays sensitivity maps have an obligatory use in contingency planning, general

evaluation of damages and in implementation of response actions to oil pollution
incidents in coastal and marine areas under federal jurisdiction
Inclusions and Objectives of SAO Maps
All levels of oil spill should be assisted through SAO maps

Main objectives of sensitivity maps

Reduction of the environmental consequences of oil spill;

Control of contention, cleaning and removal efforts;

Identification of the sensitivity of coastal and sea ecosystems;

Show the existent biological resources and socioeconomic activities as well as the use
of coastal and sea resources;

Protection of human life.

Cartographic Plan for Environmental Mapping of Oil Sensitivity to coastal and sea
area
Cartographic unit: Marine Basins

Use of three cartographic levels:

-Strategic, including the whole area of a basin, or contiguous basins, in case of

smaller basins. Scales among 1:500.000 to 1: 850 000;

-Tactical, for the whole coast of each Basin. Scales among 1:150.000 to 1:250 000;

- Operational or detail scale, for the considered areas of high risk or sensitivity,
inside each tactical map. Scales among 1:10.000 to 1:50.0
Brazilian Maritime Basins
(source MMA/Brazil)

9 Basins:
PA-MA
CE-RGN
PB-AL
BA
ES
RJ
SANTOS
SCN
RGS
Strategic SAO Map PB-AL Basin
Original scale 1:650 000
Tactical Maps of PB-AL Basin
Original scale 1: 150 000
Operational SAO Map – Porto de Santos, SP – Original scale 1: 50 000
Information in SAO Maps

Obligatorily three main information types:

- Environmental coastal oil sensitivity, defined by a Coastal Sensitivity Index (ISL),
defined by surveying and knowledge of geomorphologic characteristics of the
coastal or fluvial environment, taken into account the substratum type, coastal slope
and exposure degree to waves and tides energy;
- Biological resources, fauna and flora, sensitive to oil, until specimens level. Special
attention will be given for protected, rare, threatened or in extinction danger
specimens, as well as for the places where occur concentrations or important phases
of the life cycle of the specimens, such as feeding, reproduction, bird nest habitats
areas and areas of traffic or migration routes;
- Socioeconomic activities that can be prejudiced by oil spill accident or that can still
be affected by response actions, recreation areas, leisure and summer vacation areas
in coast or fluvial margins; fishing areas and marine culture, places under special
administration, such as conservation units, historical or cultural sites, points of
water capitation for industry or hydroelectric dams, salt lakes, ports and terminals.
Other important information for actions of ready response to oil spill:
road network (railroads and highways), airports, heliports, ramps and moorings for
boats, patterns of coastal and oceanic circulation, wind patterns, with predominant
winds direction, as well as the potential pollution sources of oil and its derivates

SAO maps present a high potential to be used in environmental planning of coastal

and sea area, reinforcing political and administrative instruments of territorial
ordering
Coastal Sensitivity Index (ISL)
In any of the three levels the coastal or rivers margins sensitivity are registered
through the Coastal Sensitivity Index (ISL)
Shows a hierarchy of the geological and geomorphologic types composition, existent
in Brazilian coast, showed in a scale from 1 to 10 for coastal indexes and 1 to 11 for
the fluvial indexes,

Fluvial ISL
Coastal Sensitivity Index (ISL)
TERRESTRIAL SENSITIVITY MAPS
Maps of oil spill terrestrial sensitivity present substantial differences for coastal
sensitivity
The developed methodology applied to the terrestrial mapping possesses quite
differentiated influence variables from the applied ones to coastal sensitivity

Terrestrial sensitivity is applied along pipelines, characterized as risk areas to spill

of transported products

Location of one spill is initially punctual, occurring over the terrain surface, until
reaching the drainage line.

It runs by drainage line until arrives in a hydrographic channel (river).

Once reaching one river, accompanies the flow, until the coast.
Some variables to be considered

Flow speed

Soil type

Land cover

Geology

Slope

Aspect

Land use

Others, with direct influence in the spill behavior, for the draining speed, soil
penetration, sub surface drainage, affectable and affected drainage
CENPES and some Universities develops a research to define the connection
methodology between coastal and terrestrial sensitivity

Attempting to establish all parameters for terrestrial mapping, due the need of
larger scales than used in coastal sensitivity

Using a cadastral level and scales among 1:10 000 to 1:1 000

In a preliminary vision, the cartographic scales, in an oil spill along pipelines are
defined in the following way:

1:1000 - proximity scale. To definition of surface drainage basins and first order
drainage lines;

1:10 000 - accident control scale. To allow a global look of affected and affectable
drainage;

1:50 000 - terrestrial - coastal connection scale

All information are stored in a Geographical Database, associate to a GIS, allowing
the construction of several map types and others information that will allow the
attendance of environmental accident management. Specific queries to GDB will
allow to generate indispensable documents to help to the work, such as:
- Fire risks;
- Sensitivity to Mass Movements (landslides);
- Environmental vulnerability;
- Geomorphology (concavities and convexities);
- Affected area on time;
- Affectable drainage;
- Affected drainage.
APPLIED METHODOLOGY TO CARTOGRAPHY OF
SENSITIVITY OIL SPILL MAPS
The developed methodology seeks to define the processes and steps for obtaining
cartographic documents to compose the representation of sensitivity map, according
to the appropriate cartographic design to each scale

Allows to use and integrate maps in several scales and several images from remote
sensing sensors, especially LANDSAT 5, SPOT, CBERS 2B and high resolution
images, such as IKONOS, ASTER and QUICKBIRD.

Still integrates height terrain data originating from LIDAR sensor obtaining along
the influence area of the pipeline.

This methodology is applied to coastal and terrestrial mapping

Steps:

Digitization;

Cartographic and geodetic transformations;

Updating;

Topological closing;

Union;

Edition and generalization;

Database storage;

Metadata.
Digitization

This process consists in rasterizing and transform to a vectorized format of

analogical maps, allowing the extraction of the themes that will compose the
database
Cartographic and Geodetic transformations

Cartographic and geodetic transformations is applied to digitized files, to make

compatible all of them to the same map projection and geodetic system. There are
several geodetic systems in Brazil, such as Corrego Alegre, SAD69, with different
ellipsoids, although the official system is SIRGAS 2000, since 2006, the others one
are still in use.
Used map projection in sensitivity maps is UTM, except to strategic maps, using a
cylindrical equirectangular or plate carrée.
Updating

Using information originating from other cartographic sources and satellite images,
the updating is done over the features of interest to the work
Topological closing
Over the vectorized files, is applied the topological closing to the features. Two
toplogical types closing is applied: net topology, to road and hydrographic features
and area topology to closed polygons.

Union
Union of all vectorized and converted files. This process results in a file that obeys a
cartographic accuracy regarding positioning, consistence and data quality, obtaining
a unique file representing the whole area.
Edition and generalization

In this phase are accomplished the simplifications over the whole file composed by
the union of all files.

“Cleaning", to keep in the file just the relevance features to the work.

Generalization processes over necessary features.

Database storage
Storage of information in the associated database to the features, constituted by the
identification of each feature, joining of features and storage.
 ESTRUTURA DOS TEMAS NOVOS A SEREM PRODUZIDOS
Tema Arquivos Gerados Campos na Tipo dos Descrição dos campos Domínio
Tabela de Campos
Dados
Estradas e vias vias.shp sigla char(20) Sigla da rodovia -
principais (linha)
nome char(150) Nome da via -

tipo char(50) Se é pavimentada ou não Pavimentada

Não
Pavimentada

Hidrografia e Corpos corpos_dagua.shp nome char(150) Nome do corpo d’ água -

d’ água (para os elementos poligonais) (ex.: Rio Paraíba do Sul,
Lagoa Rodrigues de
Freitas, Ilha de Bananal)
tipo char(50) Se é corpo d’ água ou ilha Corpo Dagua
Ilha Fluvial
fluvial
Hidrografia.shp (linha) nome char(150) Nome da hidrografia (ex.: -
Rio Branco)

Altimetria e curvas_nivel.shp (linha) cota num(inteiro Cota da curva de nível. -

Batimetria ) OBS.: As cotas de
Batimetria devem ver com
o sinal negativo.
tipo Char(50) Se é parte com texto ou Área de Texto
sem texto Área sem Texto

Uso do Solo Uso_solo.shp nome char(150) Nome do local

(polígono)

tipo char(50) Tipo do Uso Mancha Urbana

Mangues
Alagados
Areais

Limites Políticos- limites.shp(polígono) nome char(150) Nome do Município, -

Administrativos Estado ou País

Layers Division
Metadata

-defined the associated metadata to the area.

-It was developed a metadata system, named METASENS, according standards of

Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) and according PETROBRAS and
TECGRAF patterns.
CONCLUSIONS

This paper presented the state of the art of oil spill sensitivity maps in Brazil, which
is entirely consolidated in terms of the coastal sensitivity and it is in development,
the terrestrial sensitivity, as well as the link between coastal sensitivity.

In spite of the delay in its implantation, it can be affirmed that today there is
already a methodology entirely adapted to Brazilian needs, mainly in the coastal
and fluvial areas, with nearly 95% of possible risk areas entirely surveyed in terms
of biological, geomorphologic and socioeconomic information.
DĔKUJI !

THANK YOU !