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 Tuesday, April 14th
• Clickers: Will post grades the
last week…
• Today:
– Renal/Urinary System – Part I
• Complete Nephron Worksheet
for next class
 Renal System – Learning
Objectives
• Understand the anatomy and lay-out of the kidney
and urinary system, including the nephron.
• Be able to explain the physiology of the
glomerulus and each region of the nephron
(reabsorption and secretion)
• What is the counter-current multiplier? How does
water reabsorption actually happen?
• What affect/control does the kidney have on blood
pressure?
• How do drugs or disease alter renal physiology?
 Application- Black
Market for Body Organs
Not enough donor organs to save patients in need
•In 2014, 4761 American died of waiting for a
kidney transplant.
•In 2016, legally donated organs met less than 10%
of global need.

Thousands of organs purchased illegally each year

•$1.7B generated annually
•Kidneys is No. 1. Most humans can live with one
Black Market for Body
Organs
• Kidneys range $5K-
$200K
• Now legal in Iran for the
living to sell a kidney
and make profit ($5-6K)
• Government pays for the
surgery
• Is this a good model?
• What’s next in the world
of body organ donation?
 Recall the neural connections of the
heart
Heart rate plays a role in three major homeostatic
events:

1.Altering blood pressure (blood pressure homeostasis)

– Cardiac output alters the amount of blood in the arterial system
– This volume impacts the blood pressure
2. Altering how fast blood moves to the lungs (pH homeostasis)
– Blood in lungs picks up oxygen needed by cells
– Blood in lungs releases carbon dioxide, a waste that alters the pH of
our body
3.Providing sufficient blood to the kidneys (pH, blood
pressure homeostasis)
– Filtration of blood at kidneys requires sufficient blood pressure
– Filtration/secretion removes wastes, reabsorption allows body to
retain important molecules
– Alteration in water retention alters blood volume
 Renal Physiology
Functions
– Excrete and remove
wastes
• Nitrogen wastes
– Elimination and
discharge of wastes
– Regulation of blood
volume and solute
concentration
• Water Balance
• Salt (ion) Balance
• pH Balance
 Renal Anatomy
• 2 Kidneys
– Performs excretory
functions
– Produce urine
• Urinary tract
– Performs elimination
– Contains
• Ureters
• Bladder
• Urethra
 Kidney function occurs at the
nephron
• The nephron is the
functional unit of
the kidney
~1 Million
nephrons/kidney
• The nephron is a
cellular, tube-like
structure
• Location of filtration,
secretion and
reabsorption of
molecules
 The
Kidney

Blood→Filtrate→Tubular Fluid
→ Urine
• Filters blood
– 25% of total cardiac output
– Blood delivered to cortex and
filtered in glomerulus
• Separates Wastes and Nutrients
– Renal tubule reabsorbs nutrients,
and adjusts water content/pH
– Deliver wastes through medulla as
urine
– Urine collected centrally to pelvis
and sent to ureters
 Nephrons are continuous to the
outside world

Urethra

• Kidneys are connected to bladder by ureters

(muscular tubes)
• Bladder  muscular sac that holds urine
• Urethra  tube to external environment (right
 Nephrons are continuous to the
outside world

• Important concepts
– All of these structures are continuous
– All of these structures have a lumen (inside opening)
– The lumen is considered part of the external world
 Renal Corpuscle
• Glomerulus
– Specialized blood vessels
• Knot of capillaries
– Fenestrated!
• Fluid and solute filtration;
not gas exchange!
• Blood enters via afferent
arteriole
• Filtrate exits to capsule
• Remaining blood exits to
efferent arteriole
• Glomerular (Bowman’s)
Capsule
– First structure in renal
tubule
What major urinary structure is
immediately after the nephron?

A. Urethra
B. Bladder
C. Ureter
D. Glomerulus
What major urinary structure is
immediately after the nephron?

A. Urethra
B. Bladder
C. Ureter
D. Glomerulus
 What are the nephronic
processes?

• Filtration  INITIAL movement of molecules from capillary into

nephron. Substance filtered into the nephron.
• Tubular Reabsorption  movement of a molecules in nephron back
into the capillary (body). Glucose, AA, water, almost everything.
• Tubular Secretion  movement of a molecule from the capillary into
the nephron AFTER filtration. The body dumps substances from the
blood into the nephron.
• Excretion – urine leaving
Which of the following processes
involves the movement of
molecules into the body?

A. Filtration
B. Secretion
C. Reabsorption
D. Tubular secretion
Which of the following processes
involves the movement of
molecules into the body?

A. Filtration
B. Secretion
C. Reabsorption
D. Tubular secretion
 The Nephron-Overview
• The Nephron
– Functional unit of the kidney
– Tube-like structure (aka glomerular
capsule plus renal tubule)
• Adjusts filtrate composition
• Reabsorbs useful things
– Water
– Nutrients
– Ions
• Secrets un-useful things not already in
filtrate
• Final result urine
• Nephron Parts
– Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule -filtration
– Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) -
reabsorption
– Loop of Henle (Nephron Loop) - reabsorption
– Distal convoluted tubule (DCT) – solute
reabsorption and secretion
– To Collecting Duct – water reabsorption
What
is
Filtrat
e?

• Filtration membrane is
semipermeable
– Fenestrated capillaries
• Net filtration pressure
– Favors fluid diffusing from capillary
to Glomerular capsule
• Blood fluids and solutes are forced out
• Proteins and RBCs cannot leave
capillary (create osmotic pull back)
• GFR: 50-(25+15) = ~10 mmHg
What do kidneys remove?
• Metabolic waste
– By-products from normal body
function
• Some of the most toxic are
nitrogenous wastes
 Ammonia – raises pH if kept.
– Urea  protein (nitrogen) metabolism,
produced in liver (ammonia+ CO2),
oderless, colorless, non-toxic.
– Uric acid  DNA (nucleotide)
metabolism, produced in liver
(C5H4N4O3)
– Creatinine  protein metabolism,
produced in muscles; breakdown
product of creatine phosphate, via cr.
kinase
• All are removed by filtration
and secretion and found in
urine
 Application: Is Urine
Sterile?
• Contains no/fewer organisms than tap
water
• Bacteria are potentially present from skin
• Contains toxic substances such as
ammonia (caustic gas, when dissolved in
the body is corrosive and damages cells)
and uric acid (build up of crystals can
cause gout)
• Can contract UTI, HepB/C, HIV, etc.
• ______recommended!
Application - Creatine &
Kidney
• Clinically associated with kidney
dysfunction and failure in
people with renal disease when
taking > 20 grams/day
• Clogs up blood filtration in
glomerulus
• Tubular necrosis,
glomerulonephritis, chronic
kidney failure
• 1 study showed 10 and 15
grams/day for 12 weeks show no
adverse kidney function
 Application – Protein
Powder
• Fitness/Supplement drinks not FDA regulated
• When do you need more protein?
• 0.5-1.0 gram per lb of body weight.
• 165lb athlete needs 150 grams/day
– 4oz Hamburger = 30 g, 6 oz Tuna = 40 g, milk = 23g
• Health risks:
– Overconsumption  Kidney damage
– How much do you pee out?
– Liquid moves quickly through
and you lose up to 70%
-Better absorption with carbs and digestive enzymes
 Nephron Blood Supply
• Associated vessels
– Afferent arteriole
(blood flow to
glomerulus)
– Glomerulus (capillary
bed)
– Efferent arteriole
(blood flow leaving
glomerulus)
– Peritubular
capillaries (associated
with PCT and DCT)
– Vasa recta capillaries
(Loop of Henle, only
in juxtamedullary
nephrons, span
medulla and cortex)
 Practice on your own!
• Renal Review Packet
• Draw a nephron and
label all regions
• Draw arrows showing
the flow of filtrate
(urine)
• Draw and label the
associated blood vessels
• Draw arrows showing
the flow of blood
Which of the following structures
is best described as a capillary
bed?

A. Glomerulus
B. Loop of Henle
C. Ureter
D. Bowman’s capsule
Which of the following structures
is best described as a capillary
bed?

A. Glomerulus
B. Loop of Henle
C. Ureter
D. Bowman’s capsule
 The next slides discuss the function of each part of the
nephron in reference to reabsorption and secretion of
molecules with special attention to movement of water.
The final result is urine.

The goal is to be able to describe the function of each part

of the nephron.

Check out this Khan Academy link for some helpful reading!
https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/organ-
systems/the-renal-system/a/renal-physiology-
glomerular-filtration
 Vasa Recta and Peritubular
Capillaries
• Two types of Nephrons
– Cortical
– Juxtamedullary
• Supporting vessels
– Peritubular capillaries
• Observed in both types
• Normal capillary function
• Accept reabsorbed filtrate
components
– Vasa recta capillaries
• Only with juxtamedullary
nephron loops
• Specialized to concentrate
filtrate
• Take away reabsorbed
substances and transport back
to circulation
 Step 1: Glomerular
Filtration
• Glomerulus is surrounded by
the glomerular capsule
• Capillaries are “holey”
˗ Called “fenestrated” capillary
• Glomerular filtration
– Selection based on size
– Water and solutes from blood
in are forced glomerular
capsule
– Cells and large proteins are
trapped in capillaries
• High blood pressure in
glomerulus provides the
force to push solutes out
– Large afferent and small
efferent arteriole creates
pressure
 GFR
• Glomerular Filtration
Rate
– Amount of filtrate produced
• 125 ml/min
• 180 L/day
– Driven by blood pressure
and flow
– Amount of urine produced
is 1% of filtrate, or 1-2
L/day
– What happens to the
other 99%? (Be able to
answer this)
Step 2: Reabsorption/Secretion at the
PCT
• Proximal
Convoluted
Tubule (PCT)
- Closely
associated with
peritubular
capillaries bed
• Function:
– Passive and
active transport
– Reabsorption
water, ions,
glucose and
amino acids, and
some wastes into
capillaries
– Secretion of Numbers in nephron indicate the osmolarity
nitrogenous (amount of solute) in the filtrate
wastes and
 Reabsorption, Reabsorption,
Reabsorption!
• Proximal convoluted
tubule (PCT)
– 60% of filtrate is
reabsorbed in PCT!
• 60% Ions
– Na+, K+
– Bicarbonate (HCO3- )
• 60% Water ~108L
• 99% of nutrients
– Glucose
– Amino acids
– Accomplished with
ion gradients and
protein transporters
Does the osmolarity
of the filtrate
change from the
beginning to the
end of the PCT?
A. Yes – a lot
B. No- not really
Does the osmolarity
of the filtrate
change from the
beginning to the
end of the PCT?
A. Yes – a lot
B. No- not really,
stays around 300
mOsm/l
As fluid flows through the proximal tubule, solutes
and water are reabsorbed in equal proportions, so
that little change in osmolarity occurs; that is, the
proximal tubule fluid remains isosmotic to the
plasma, with an osmolarity of about 300 mOsm/L
 Osmolarity
• The concentration of a solution expressed as
mlOsm/L
• We are looking at filtrate fluid in the nephron (in
different locations within the nephron)
• PCT – 300 mlOsm/L – same as surrounding fluid
in the medulla.
• Osmolarity in the Loop of Henle changes!
– NaCl leaves Water leaves  increased concentration
Very helpful video!
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cYyJF_aSC6o
Step 3: “Salty” medulla in the Nephron
Loop
• Nephron Loop
– Major function is to
use active transport
to move Na+Cl- into
the kidney medulla
– Descending limb is
only permeable to
water
– Ascending limb is
only permeable to
ions (primarily
Na+Cl-)
– Associated with vasa
recta capillary bed

Active transport uses

ATP.
A. True B. False
 The Loop of Henle
• The nephron loop uses active absorption of NaCl (ascending limb) to drive
the absorption of water (descending limb and collecting duct)
• How does this work?
– Countercurrent multiplication

Worksheet –Nephron Loop of Henle

Goal: Understand how osmolarity differences in the
kidney medulla promotes water reabsorption
 Very helpful Summary
Video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=8UVlXX-9x7Q
 Tuesday, April 14th
• Quiz 14 – DUE Sunday
• Today: Renal/Urinary System – Part I
• Complete Nephron Worksheet Learning
• Want to be a Learning Assistant For Biol
141 (w/ M Zeman) for Fall 2020?
– SC240 (1 credit) – must enroll before or during
– Bio 400 (LA 1 credit course) – must be enrolled
next Fall
– 3.0 GPA & B or better in Biol 141
– Email of interest + screening interview with
Michael Zeman