QUANTITATIVE

RESEARCH
PRESENTED BY:
RODRIGO C. LICAYAN, JR., LPT, MBA
ACADEMIC PROGRAM HEAD, BSBA
 WHY WE NEED TO
CONDUCT
RESEARCH?
BUSINESS RESEARCH-ADDRESS THE CONCERNS OF THE FIRM AND/OR THE INDUSTRY
ACADEMIC RESEARCH- IS STRICT ON AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION (APA) COMPLIANCE AND
DEPENDENT ON THE PROBLEMATIC SITUATION IDENTIFIED BY THE RESEARCHER . THE FINDINGS ARE EXPECTED TO
BE GENERALIZED ACROSS THE POPULATION.
APPLIED BUSINESS RESEARCH- DEPENDS ON THE PREFERENCE OF THE CLIENT (CASE STUDY).

MARKETING RESEARCH- IF IT OFFERS (RECOMMENDS) SOLUTIONS TO THE AFFECTED FUNCTIONAL AREA OF

MARKETING. (PRODUCT, PRICE, PLACE, PROMOTION AND OTHER P IN MARKETING)
 Problem (presented as
problem statement)

Conceptual framework
Theoretical (reflecting the problem
framework/s (reflecting and sub-problems
the relationships of through the
variables as a model) relationships of
variables as a model)

Statistical tool/s to
measure the
relationships of
conceptual framework
variables
 QUANTI OR
QUALI OR BOTH
QUANTITATIVE- USES SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE FOR COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA (PERCEPTION AND
PREFERENCE OF RESPONDENTS), CAN BE GENERALIZED ACROSS POPULATION, RANDOM SAMPLING

QUALITATIVE- USES OBSERVATION, IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW, CANNOT BE GENERALIZED ACROSS POPULATION

(CONVENIENCE, PURPOSIVE SAMPLING, SNOWBALL TECHNIQUE)

MIXED- THE RESULT OF QUALITATIVE CAN BE USED TO VALIDATE THE RESULT OF QUANTI (TRIANGULATION).
KINDS OF RESEARCH
1. CONCLUSIVE- DESIGNED TO HELP MANAGERS MAKE DECISIONS BASED ON THE INFORMATION
PROVIDED BY BUSINESS RESEARCH.
A. DESCRIPTIVE- USE OF FREQUENCY COUNT, PERCENTAGE, RATIO, RANK, DESCRIPTIVE STATS,
OR MEAN.
B. CORRELATIONAL RESEARCH- RELATIONSHIPS OF VARIABLES STATISTICALLY TO DETERMINE
ITS DEPENDENCE, OR INTERPENDENCE. USING CORRELATIONS OR T-TEST, ANOVA, EFA, MRA,
CLUSTER, PERCEPTUAL MAPPING OR CONJOINT ANALYSIS. RESULTS CAN BE INFERRED. USUALLY
DESCRIPTIVE AND CORRELATIONAL ARE COMBINED.
C. CAUSAL- CAUSE AND EFFECT OF VARIABLES. EX. STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELLING (CB-
SEM, PLS-SEM)
KINDS OF RESEARCH
2. EXPLORATORY
A. IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW-
B. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION- 10-12 RESPONDENTS

C. ETHNOGRAPHIC OR OBSERVATION RESEARCH

D. BUSINESS CASE ANALYSIS-
Tips on How and When to use the Statistical Tool
• 1. If your problem is finding what factors are valued by your target
respondents, then the right technique is EXPLORATORY FACTOR
ANALYSIS (EFA).
• 2. If your problem is how to group (or segment) your respondents
based on their preferences and profile them by cross-tabulating their
demographic data, then the right technique is CLUSTER ANALYSIS
• 3. If your problem is how to measure the influence of some factors
(independent variables) to another factor (dependent variable) and
be able to predict or explain it (dependent variable), then the right
technique is MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS (MRA). Moreover, if
you want to measure the moderating effect of factor/s (variable/s)
between the independent variables and dependent variable, then the
technique is still MRA.
• 4. If your problem is to measure the perception of your target respondents
and show the results visually through a two or three dimensional
perceptual map, then the right technique is the choice of any of the
following perceptual mapping techniques: a) Multi-dimensional Scaling
(MDS), if the paired comparison question is metric (interval or ratio scale);
b) Multi-dimensional Unfolding (MDU), if the question is about ranking
(ordinal); or c) Correspondence Analysis (CA), if the question with multiple
options is binary in response (yes or no). However, CA requires the data to
be processed first with cluster analysis and then its output will be
converted into a contingency table, an input for correspondence analysis.
• 5. If your problem is to determine which among the list of valued factors or
variables (after conducting a focus group discussion to determine the list
of valued factors) would result into the best combinations for the
respondents to choose from, then the right technique should be CONJOINT
ANALYSIS. Conjoint Analysis should also be complemented with cluster
analysis in order to segment and profile the target respondents.
• 6. If your problem is to test an existing theoretical framework (theory
testing) and validate its measurement variables for your research
application, then the best technique is CONFIRMATORY FACTOR
ANALYSIS (CFA). If you want to validate MRA, EFA, CB-SEM or PLS-SEM,
confirmatory factor analysis is the right validating tool, aside from split
samples CFA is a tool under Co-variance Based Structural Equation
Modeling (CB-SEM).
• 7. If your problem is complex and characterized by complex relationships
(which cannot be solved by MRA, EFA, Cluster Analysis, Conjoint Analysis
or MDS), the number of respondents are less than 100, the data
distribution turns out to be non-parametric, then the right technique is
PARTIAL LEAST SQUARES- STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING (PLS-
SEM). PLS-SEM, however, has no problem with bigger sample sizes (more
than 100) as it is robust and can even complement the results of CB-SEM
(especially if the CB-SEM cannot come out with a good model fit).
 Types of Researches in terms of Objective

Research Method

ACTION
Quantitative Design Qualitative Design Mixed Design
RESEARCH

Experimental Non-Experimental Ethnography Phenomenology Grounded theory Narrative Case study Concurrent Sequential
Type Type Tradition Tradition Tradition Tradition Tradition Approach Approach
*Exploratory Sequential
*Explanatory Sequential

Descriptive Survey Causal-Comparative Relationship Biography Autobiography Single Case Multiple Cases

1 Comparative Correlational

2 Simple Correlational Predictive

3 Linear Regression 4 Multiple Regression

SAMPLE TITLES:
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRESS OF BANK TELLERS
BY: LICAYAN, WENDY
BURNOUT EMPLOYEES: AN EXPLORATORY SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS
BY: MARY BETH L. ESCULIADA
EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT OF THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT OF COMPOSTELA VALLEY: AN
EXPLANATORY ANALYSIS
BY: GRACE J. ALMEDILLA
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT OF TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF DAVAO METRO SHUTTLE:
BASIS FOR ENHANCEMENT SCHEME
BY: FHEIR KENNETH V. SUNGA
INFLUENCE OF PRODUCT ADVERTISING ON BUYING DECISION OF CONSUMERS IN DAVAO DE NORTE
AND COMPOSTELA VALLEY PASALUBONG CENTERS
BY: JERIEL A. POLINAR
RATIONALE (GLOBAL, NATIONAL,
LOCAL)
IF DESCRIPTIVE-CORRELATIONAL
FIRST PARAGRAPH- DISCUSS THE DV AND ITS IMPORTANCE WITH
GLOBAL SCOPE
SECOND- IMPORTANCE OF IV. CONNECT IV TO DV.----- WITH
NATIONAL SCOPE
THIRD- PROBLEM OF DV IN LOCAL SETTING---- IN DAVAO DE ORO
LAST- RESEARCH GAP AND URGENCY OF THE STUDY
 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE
1.TO DETERMINE THE LEVEL OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AMONG BANK TELLERS IN COMPOSTELA VALLEY IN
TERMS OF:
A. SELF-AWARENESS;
B. SELF-MANAGEMENT;
C. SOCIAL AWARENESS;
D. RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT?
2. TO MEASURE THE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRESS OF BANK TELLERS IN COMPOSTELA VALLEY IN TERM OF:
A. PERCEPTIONS TO THE JOB;
B. ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE ORGANIZATION;
C. HEALTH?
3. TO ESTABLISH THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EI AND OS AMONG BANK TELLERS.
4. TO IDENTIFY WHICH DOMAIN OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE BEST INFLUENCE ORGANIZATIONAL STRESS OF
BANK TELLERS IN COMPOSTELA VALLEY.
HYPOTHESES:
. THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT
1

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EI AND OS.

2. THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT DOMAIN OF
EQ THAT BEST INFLUENCES OS.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
PRESENT A THEORY OR PROPOSITION THAT CONNECTS THE IV
AND DV. REFERENCES HAVE NO RESTRICTIONS ON THE YEAR OF
PUBLICATION.
THERE SHOULD BE ATLEAST 3 SUPPORT THEORIES OR
PROPOSITIONS THAT FURTHER CONNECT THE 2 VARIABLES.

EX. THIS STUDY IS ANCHORED ON…

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
1. 3 PARTS

THE IV
THE DV

CORRELATION BETWEEN MEASURES

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

EMOTIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL
INTELLIGENCE STRESS

This model requires

mean for IV and DV
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY
Pearson r

Linear regression
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

EMOTIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL
INTELLIGENCE STRESS

AGE (ANOVA) ADD:

SEX (T-TEST)
IS THERE IS A SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
MODERATING VARIABLE ON THE LEVEL OF ORGANIZATIONAL
STRESS WHEN RESPONDENTS ARE
GROUPED ACCORDING TO AGE AND SEX?
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT OUTPUT

FORMATIVE BASIS
ASSESSMENT OF FOR
TRANSPORTATION ENHANC
MANAGEMENT EMENT
SCHEME
SYSTEM

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF DAVAO METRO
SHUTTLE: BASIS FOR ENHANCEMENT SCHEME

MODERATING VARIABLE BY: FHEIR KENNETH V. SUNGA

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

IN-DEPTH RESULT OVER ALL

SURVEY
INTERVIEW INTERPRETATION

PHASE 2
PHASE 1

BURNOUT EMPLOYEES: AN EXPLORATORY

SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS
BY: MARY BETH L. ESCULIADA
MODERATING VARIABLE
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

RESULT OVER ALL

SURVEY INTERVIEW
INTERPRETATION

PHASE 2
PHASE 1

EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT OF THE PROVINCIAL

GOVERNMENT OF COMPOSTELA VALLEY: AN
EXPLANATORY ANALYSIS
MODERATING VARIABLE BY: GRACE J. ALMEDILLA
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF THE STUDY
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
FIRST PARAGRAPH- PRESENTS THE IMPORTANCE OF YOUR STUDY WITH REFERENCE/SOURCE.
FOLLOWED BY THE BENEFICIARIES OF THE STUDY.

MACRO TO MICRO LEVEL

EXAMPLE: MOBILE MONEY SERVICE PROVIDERS,
GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS, ACADEMICIANS,
RESEARCHERS
DEFINITION OF TERMS
DEFINE ONLY THE KEY TERMS IN YOUR TITLE
USUALLY THE VARIABLES WITH THE IV THEN DV.

“AS USED IN THIS

IN DEFINING THE VARIABLES, USE THEIR INDICATORS.

STUDY, IT REFERS TO…

 METHOD
RESEARCH DESIGN:

QUANTITATIVE NON-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ADOPTING THE

CORRELATIONAL TECHNIQUE.

RESEARCH LOCALE

POPULATION AND SAMPLE

SLOVIN- FOR KNOWN POPULATION (SIMPLE RANDOM OR STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING)

COCHRAN- UNKNOWN POPULATION (WITH 385 RESPONDENTS)- RANDOM SAMPLING BASED ON POISSON
DISTRIBUTION
 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
ADAPTED QUESTIONNAIRE

RESEARCHER-MADE QUESTIONNAIRE WITH 6 POINT LIKERT SCALE (INTERVAL)

1- STRONGLY DISAGREE- EXTREMELY LOW 4- SOMEWHAT AGREE- HIGH
2- DISAGREE -VERY LOW 5- AGREE- VERY HIGH
3- SOMEWHAT DISAGREE -LOW 6- STRONGLY AGREE – EXTREMELY HIGH

DATA COLLECTION
STATISTICAL TOOLS
MEAN
T-TEST
ANOVA

PEARSON R
LINEAR REGRESSION/MRA.
OPEN FORUM