DEG1612: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

TOPIC 1: BASIC ELECTRICAL

Course Learning Outcome:

CLO1:Describe the basic concepts of
electrical and electronic
components
DRB-Hicom University of Automotive Malaysia
DRB-Hicom Automotive Complex, 26607 Pekan, Pahang
T: 09 4242631 ● F: 09 4242500
Prepared by: Nor Syukriah binti Khalid (NSK)
 Subtopic

Electrical units

Basic electrical components

Types of electricity

Conductors, semi-conductor and insulators

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 Electrical units
ELECTRICAL CHARGE,Q

• Electricity is physical phenomenon involving positive and

negative charge.

• When these charges are in motion they may produce heat,

light, magnetism.

• When charges are not in motion, static electricity can

manifest itself as a force.

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 Cont.
• The attraction or repulsion between charged objects with
excess of positive or negative charge results in a electrical
force on the objects.

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 Cont.
• Every atom has a positively charged nucleus that is
surrounded by negative charges.

• An atom is uncharged when it contains equal amount of

positive (protons) and negative (electrons) charge; the
neutron has no charge.

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 Symbol: Q
Units: Coulomb, C Cont.
• The symbol for charge is Q.

• The unit of charge is a Coulomb (C) where one coulomb is the

total charge possessed by 6.25 x 1018 electrons or protons.

• Total charge can be calculated using a formula:

• A single electron and proton has

Q = -1.602 x 10-19 aC charge
e
as below:
for electron
Qp = +1.602 x 10-19 C for proton
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 Example:
 1. How much charge is represented by 4600 electrons?
Answer:

2. Calculate the amount of charge represented by two million protons?

Answer:

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 •  
Cont.
ELECTRICAL CURRENT,I

• CURRENT is any movement or flow of charge (electrons) from negative end of

conductor (usually metal wires) to positive end.

I = current in amperes
• Can be expressed in form:
Q = charges in coulombs
t = time in seconds
• The value of current, I is measured in unit Ampere (A).

• One ampere (1A) is the amount of current that exists when a number of electron
having a total charge (1C) move through a given cross-sectional area in one
second.

Symbol: I
Units: Amperes, A

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 Example:
1. If 30C of electric charge flows past a point in a wire in 2 minutes, what is the
current in the wire?
Answer: …….

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 Cont.
•   VOLTAGE,V (POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE)

• VOLTAGE is the electrical force that moves electrons through a conductor.

V = voltage in volts
• Can be expressed in form: W = energy in joules
Q = charge in coulombs

• The value of voltage, V is measured in unit of Volt (V).

• One volt (1V) is the potential difference between two points when one
joule of energy is used to move one coulomb of charge from one point to
the other.
Symbol: V
Units: Volts, V

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 Example:
1. An energy source forces a constant current of 2A for 10s to flow through a lightbulb.
If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of light and heat energy, calculate the voltage drop
across the bulb
Answer: 115V

2. To move charge q from point a to point b required -30J. Find the voltage drop Vab if:
a) Q = 2C
b) Q = -6C
Answer: a) -15V, b) 5V

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 •   RESISTANCE,R
• RESISTANCE is the force that reduces or stops the flow of
electrons. R = resistance in ohms
• Can be expressed in form: V = voltage in volts
I = current in amperes

• The value of resistance, R is measured in unit Ohms (Ω).

• One ohm (1Ω) is defined as amount of resistance that
will limit the current in a conductor to one ampere when
the voltage applied to the conductor is one volt.
Symbol: R
Units: Ohms, Ω

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 Example:
1. An electric iron draws 2A at 120V. Find its resistance.
Answer: 60Ω

2. The essential component of a alternator is an electrical element that used to charge

and discharge voltage. How much current is drawn by a alternator with
resistance 12Ω at 240V?
Answer: 20A

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 Symbol: G
Units: Siemens, S

•   Conductance
• Resistance and conductance are basically opposites.

• While resistance is the opposition to current in a circuit,

conductance is a measure of the ability of a circuit to conduct
(pass current). Thus,

where R is the resistance in ohm,Ω

• The value of conductance, G is measured in unit Siemens (S).

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 Example:
1. Calculate the current I, and the conductance G. Given Voltage is 30V and Resistance
is 5kΩ
Answer: 6mA, 0.2mS

2. Calculate the Voltage V and the conductance G if current supplied is 2mA and
Resistance 10k Ω
Answer: 20V, 100uS

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 Symbol: P
Units: Watt, W Cont.
•   POWER,P
• When current is forced through resistance, work is said have been done.
• Power is rate of doing work or rate of using energy.
• Can be expressed in form:
P = power in watts
W = energy in joules
t = time in seconds
• The value of power, P is measured in unit Watt (W).

• In electrical circuit, the power delivered or generated by a component is

given by the product of current and voltage.
or  I2 × R or V/R

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 Cont.

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 Basic Electrical Components
Basic electrical circuit construction are:
1. Power Source
2. Load Device
3. Conductors(Wire)
4. Switch
5. Fuse

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 Cont.
Power supply: Battery
• A battery is a type of voltage source that convert chemical energy
into electrical energy.

• Batteries are divided into two major classes; primary and

secondary.

• Primary battery are used once and discarded because their

chemical reactions are irreversible.

• Secondary battery can be recharged and reused many times

because they are characterized by reversible chemical reaction.

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 Cont.
Battery symbol
Component Circuit Symbol Description
Battery Cell Used to provide a supply for a circuit.

Battery • A battery has more than a cell and is used

for the same purpose.
• The smaller terminal is negative and the
larger one is positive.
• Abbreviated as ‘B’.

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 Cont.
• Besides battery, there are other types of power supply which
are:

i. Generator: Convert mechanical energy into electrical energy

using principle called electromagnetic induction.

ii. Solar cells: Convert a portion of incident light energy to

electricity

iii. Electronic power supply: Convert the ac voltage from wall

outlet to a constant (dc) voltage.

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 Cont.

Generator Solar cell

Electronic power supply

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 Cont.
Switch
• The ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ of electrical connection to the load (fan, lamp,
etc.,) is done with the help of a switch.

• There many types of switch such as:

i. Common switch: Manually operated switches that control current
flow in the circuit. Example: toggle switch and push button

ii. Key switch: Used to control unit starting, running, and accessories

iii. Electromagnetic switch: Electrically operated switches that control

current flow in the circuit. Example: solenoid, relay

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 Push button

Toggle switch

Relay
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 Switch symbol
Types Component Circuit Symbol Description
Singe Pole • Also known as the ON/OFF switch.
Single Throw • This switch allows the flow of current
Switch only when it is kept ON.
• Abbreviated as SPST.

Toggle switch • Also known as the 2-way switch.

• It can be also called as an ON/OFF/ON
Single Pole switch as it has an OFF position in the
Double Throw centre.
Switch • The switch causes the flow of current
in two directions, depending on its
position.
• It can be abbreviated as SPDT.
  Normally open This is an ordinary switch that passes
push button current only upon pressing.
Push button switch
Normally closed • The push to break switch is usually
push button kept in the ON state (closed).
switch • It turns to OFF state (open) only when
the switch is pressed.

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 Types Component Circuit Symbol Description

Allows a small current (through the coil) to

Electromagnetic Relay control a much larger current carried by the
switch switch.

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 Circuit breaker/Fuse

• Device that interrupts current flow if current flow becomes

excessive.

Circuit breaker Fuse

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 Component Circuit Symbol Description
• Circuit protection device.
Fuse • If the current exceeds the maximum rating for the
circuit, the fuse element melts, thereby opening the
circuit.

• Circuit protection device.

Circuit breaker • Designed to protect an electrical circuit from
damage caused by overload or short circuit.
• Typically used in safety related circuits, such as
headlights and windshield wipers.

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 Load devices: Lamp, fan, speaker, etc.

• Device that converts electrical energy to work.

Lighting lamp Indicator lamp

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 Load symbol
Component
• Component Description
Circuit Symbol

Lighting lamp
• Circuit •Symbol
Used to provide light for the output

• Description
• Used to convert electrical energy into light.
Indicator lamp • The best example is the warning light on a car
dashboard.

Speaker • Used to convert electrical signal to sound

waves

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 Conductor(Wire)
• Conductors provide an electrical path to and
from the power source.

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 Wire Symbol
Component Circuit Symbol Description
Electrical Wire
Used to connect one component to another.

Connected Wires One device may be connected to another

through wires. This is represented by drawing
“blobs” on the point where they are shorted.
Not Connected When circuits are drawn some wires may not
Wires touch others. This can only be shown by
bridging them or by drawing them without
blobs.

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 Basic electrical circuit

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 Types of Electricity

• Electricity is often described as being either STATIC or

CURRENT.

• The difference between the two is based simply on

whether the electrons are at rest (static) or in motion
(CURRENT).

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 Cont.
STATIC ELECTRICITY

• STATIC ELECTRICITY is a build up of an electrical charge on the surface of an

object.

• It is considered “static” due to the fact that there is no current flowing as in AC or

DC electricity.

• Static electricity is usually caused when non-conductive materials such as rubber,

plastic or glass are rubbed together, causing a transfer of electrons, which then
results in an imbalance of charges between the two materials.

• The fact that there is an imbalance of charges between the two materials means
that the objects will exhibit an attractive or repulsive force.

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 Examples of static electricity situation

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 CURRENT ELECTRICITY

• CURRENT ELECTRICITY is the flow of electrons through a conductor.

• There are two types of current electricity: direct current (DC) and
alternating current (AC).

• With direct current electricity the electrons move in one direction.

Batteries produce direct current.

• In alternating current, electrons flow in both directions. Power plants

produce AC electric current.

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 DIRECT CURRENT (DC)

Electric circuit: Electrons flow continuously

through the circuit from the negative terminal
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) of the battery to the positive terminal.

Basic of electricity generators: 60 times every

second the electrons in the wire change
direction.
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 Conductor, Semiconductor & Insulator
• There are 3 types of material that is classified
according to their electrical properties, which
are:
1. Insulator
2. Conductor
3. Semiconductor

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 INSULATOR

• An INSULATOR is any material that inhibits (stops) the flow of

electrons (electricity) under normal condition.

• The INSULATOR is any material with 5 to 8 valence electrons

in outer orbit.

• Since the number of valence electrons is more than half of

maximum number electrons in the outer rings, therefore the
valance electron are held tightly to the atom.

• Thus, they CANNOT be easily moved to another atom.

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 Cont.

Insulator atom structure

Example of insulator material: Glass, rubber, plastic

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 CONDUCTOR

• A CONDUCTOR is any material that easily allows electrons

(electricity) to flow.

• A CONDUCTOR has 1 to 3 valance electrons in outer orbit.

• Because of the number of valance electrons is lesser, the

valance electrons are held loosely to the atom.

• Hence the atom tends to expel the valance electrons and

become free electrons.

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 Cont.

Conductor atom structure

Example of conductor material: Most metal are

good conductors such as copper, gold
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 Conductance of a wire depends on:
Length
Diameter
Temp
Material
 Copper is excellent
 Metals better than non-metals

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 Semiconductor

• Any materials with exactly 4 valance electrons in the outer

orbit are called SEMICONDUCTOR.

• A pure semiconductor is neither a good conductor nor a good

insulator.

• Semiconductor are commonly used in the manufacturer of

diodes, transistors and integrated circuit chips.

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 Cont.

Semiconductor atom structure

Example of semiconductor material: Carbon,

silicon, germanium
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 Cont.

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