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Introduction To Inferential Statistics & Important Statistical Tests
Introduction To Inferential Statistics & Important Statistical Tests
Descriptive Inferential
Hypothesis
Estimation
testing
Point
estimates
Interval
estimates (CI)
Hypothesis Testing
Decision making process for evaluating claims about
a population
Null hypothesis - Ho
States that there is no difference between a parameter and a specific
value
The mean of a population , equals the hypothesized value o
Alternative hypothesis - H1
States the existence of a difference between a parameter and a
specific value
The mean of a population , is not equals the hypothesized value o
Steps to undertaking a Hypothesis test
Calculate a p-value
Independent Groups
Example: Triglycerides
Triglyceride level at
week 8 (mg/dl) -
-11.371 80.360 13.583 -38.976 16.233 -.837 34 .408
Triglyceride level at
baseline (mg/dl)
Null Hypothesis is:
P-value =
Decision (circle correct answer): Reject Null/ Fail to reject
Null
Conclusion:
Example: Solution
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Std. Std. Error
Mean Sig. (2-
Deviation Mean t df
tailed)
Lower Upper
Triglyceride level at
week 8 (mg/dl) -
-11.371 80.360 13.583 -38.976 16.233 -.837 34 .408
Triglyceride level at
baseline (mg/dl)
Treatment Std.
N Mean
group Deviation
Placebo 19 -1.36 2.148
New drug 18 -5.01 2.722
Example: t-Test Results
Levene's Test
95% CI of the
for Equality of T-test results
Difference
Variances
Sig. Mean Std. Error
F Sig. t df Lower Upper
(2-tailed) Difference Difference
Equal variances
2.328 .136 4.539 35 .000 3.648 .804 2.016 5.280
assumed
Equal variances
4.510 32.342 .000 3.648 .809 2.001 5.295
not assumed
P-value =
Decision (circle correct answer): Reject Null/ Fail to reject
Null
Conclusion:
Example 2: Solution
Levene's Test
95% CI of the
for Equality of T-test results
Difference
Variances
Sig. Mean Std. Error
F Sig. t df Lower Upper
(2-tailed) Difference Difference
Equal variances
2.328 .136 4.539 35 .000 3.648 .804 2.016 5.280
assumed
Equal variances
4.510 32.342 .000 3.648 .809 2.001 5.295
not assumed
IS evidence of a difference
P(t< -4.539) P(t>4.539)
in weight loss between Is < 0.001 Is < 0.001
treatment and placebo
-4.539 4.539
Uses of t-test
To compare mean of a single sample to a population mean
or a hypothetical mean
Descriptive
Estimation
Estimation: the process by which the sample
data is used to indicate the value of an
unknown quantity in the population:
Point estimate
Confidence intervals
Types of estimators
Variables:
Favourite subject (Nominal)
Gender (Binary/ Nominal)
INDEPENDENT DEPENDENT
(explanatory/ (outcome)
affects
predictor) variable
variable
Dependent
Continuous Categorical
Are boys better at maths?
Comparing
means
Comparing
2 Paired t-test
measurements
WITHIN the same
subject
3+
Comparing means
Independent
t-test
2
Comparing BETWEEN
groups One way
3+ ANOVA
Comparing
means
Comparing
2 Paired t-test
measurements
WITHIN the same
subject
3+ Repeated
measures
ANOVA
ANOVA = Analysis of variance
Exercise – Comparing means
Research question Dependent Independent Test
variable variable
Do women do more Housework (hrs Gender
housework than men? per week) (Nominal)
(Scale)
Does Margarine X Cholesterol Occasion
reduce cholesterol? (Scale) (Nominal)
Everyone has
cholesterol measured
on 3 occasions
Nonparametric techniques
Non-parametric are usually based on ranks/
signs rather than actual data
Parametric tests Non-parametric tests
Statistical tests for Distribution free statistics
population parameters
(means, variance, Used in place of their
proportion) parametric counterparts
when the assumption of
Basic assumption: normality can not be met
population is normally
distributed
Do these look normally distributed?
Do these look normally distributed?
yes
no yes
Non-parameteric tests
Non-Parametric Parametric Alternative
The Sign Test Z test
ANOVA
Kruskal-Wallis test