ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Presentation by
Tushar V. Joshi
Assistant Professor,
Shreeyash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Education & research, Aurangabad

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GLANDS:
An organ which secretes particular chemical substances for use in
the body or for discharge into the surroundings.
 There are two types of glands in our body:
• Endocrine glands
• Exocrine glands

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EXOCRINE GLANDS
Exocrine glands are glands that secrete their products into ducts
 EXAMPLES:
• Sweat glands
• Salivary glands
• Mammary glands
• Stomach
• Liver

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ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Glands that secrete their product (hormones) directly into the
blood rather than through a duct
 EXAMPLE:
• Pituitary gland
• Pancreas
• Thyroid gland
• Adrenal glands

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Difference between endocrine & exocrine
gland
Endocrine Gland Exocrine Gland

ductless glands. No duct are attached to the glands duct glands. They are attached with a specific duct

secretions of these glands are know as hormones. secretions of these glands are know as enzymes,
mucous and other substance

Secretions are directly poured into the circulating Secretions are released to the outer surface of the
blood and reach the organ. body or to some internal organ through a duct

Ex. Thyroid, Pituitary, etc Ex. Sweat gland, Salivary glands, etc

Function: Metabolism, Growth, Development. Function: Digestion, Excretion, etc

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Endocrine glands of body.
1. Pituitary gland
2. Pineal gland.
3. Thyroid gland
4. Parathyroid gland
5. Thymus
6. Pancreas (Endocrine)
7. Adrenal gland
8. Ovaries in female
9. Testis in male

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1.The pituitary gland, or hypophysis

 Neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

• MSH- Melanocyte stimulating hormone
• ADH
• Oxytocin
 Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
• FSH — follicle-stimulating hormone
• LH — luteinizing hormone
• ACTH — adrenocorticotropic hormone
• TSH — thyroid-stimulating hormone
• PRL — prolactin
• I
• GH — growth hormone

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Pituitary Hormones and Their Targets

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DISEASES RELATED TO GROWTH HORMONE
1. Gigantism: It is due to overproduction
of GH in growing person.
It is characterized:
• excessive growth
• height significantly above average
• large hand and feet.

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DISEASES RELATED TO GROWTH HORMONE
2. Acromegaly: It is due excessive
secretion of GH during adulthood
It is characterized by:
• Broad, thick nose
• Thickening of the skin
• Elongation and widening of the mandible

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DISEASES RELATED TO GROWTH HORMONE
3. Dwarfism: Deficiency of GH secretion
It is characterized by
• either short limbs and/or a short torso
• Delicate internal organs
• Intelligence is usually normal

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DISEASES RELATED TO ADH
Diabetes Insipidus:
It is a condition characterized by-
• Excessive thirst
• Excretion of large amounts of
severely diluted urine

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Master Gland?
Pituitary Gland is also called as master gland of body because
• It controls activities of almost all other glands like thyroid gland
(TSH), adrenal gland(ADH), etc
• It also controls growth, metabolism and other important body
functions.

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2. Pineal Gland
 Part of the epithalamus
 Contains neurons and special secretary cells called pinealocytes
 Pinealocytes synthesizes the hormone, melatonin
 Melatonin production rate rises at night and declines during the
day
 In this way melatonin decides sleep pattern of person.

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3. Thyroid Gland

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Location & Structure
• The thyroid gland is found in the neck, below the thyroid
cartilage.
• The thyroid gland or just thyroid is one of the largest endocrine
glands and consists of two lobes joined by a narrow isthmus.
• Each lobe is about 5 cm long, 3 cm wide and 2 cm thick.
• The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ.

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Thyroid Hormones
1. Triiodothyronine (T3):
It affects almost every physiological process in the body:
• Growth and development,
• Metabolism,
• Body temperature, and
• Heart rate
2. Thyroxin (Tetraiodothyronine-T4):
• Controls development and maturation
• Excess thyroxin results rapid development
• Deficiency of thyroxin results in delayed development
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Thyroid Hormones
3. Calcitonin:
Its main actions are :
• to increase bone calcium
• to decrease blood calcium levels

Calcitonin opposes the effects of parathyroid hormone, which acts

to increase the blood level of calcium.

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The Regulation of Thyroid Secretion

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Diseases Related to Thyroid Gland

1. Goiter: -
Enlargement of the thyroid gland is called goiter .
Caused by iodine deficiency.
Characteristic by:
• Swelling in the neck
• Breathing difficulties
• Cough
• Swallowing difficulties

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Diseases Related to Thyroid Gland
2. Hypothyroidism: -
It is the condition resulting from reduced secretion of T3 and T4.
Characteristic features: -
• swelling of face
• Loss of scalp hairs
• Ptosis, i.e., drooping of upper eyelid.
• Dry, thickened, rough and yellow skin

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Diseases Related to Thyroid Gland
Hyperthyroidism/Graves Disease: -
It is the condition resulting from increased secretion of T3 and T4
Characteristic features: -
• Moderate enlargement of thyroid gland
• Exophthalmos(Protruding eyes)

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4. Parathyroid Gland

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Location, Structure & Function
• Located on the back of the thyroid gland
• There are four parathyroid glands, and they are each about the
size of a grain of rice.
• Parathyroid glands contains chief cells which secrete
parathyroid hormone.
• The main function of parathyroid hormone is to increase the
blood calcium level.

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DISEASES RELATED TO PARATHYROID GLAND
1. Hypoparathyroidism:
It is an abnormally low level of calcium in the blood
Characteristic features: -
• Psychiatric disturbance
• Par aesthesia
• Development of cataract

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DISEASES RELATED TO PARATHYROID GLAND
Hyperparathyroidism: -
Excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone.
Characteristic features: -
• Formation of renal stones
• Polyuria
• Polydipsia
• Anorexia
• Muscle weakness
• General fatigue
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5. Thymus Gland

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Location & Structure
• The thymus is a specialized organ of the immune system.
• The thymus is located anatomically in front of the heart and
behind the sternum.
• It consist of two lobes and each lobe of the thymus can be divided
into a central medulla and a peripheral cortex which is
surrounded by an outer capsule.

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Hormone and Function
The thymus produces and secretes hormone thymosin.
Function
• It is required for the development of T-lymphocytes which
protects the body from certain threats, including viruses and
infections.
• The thymus plays a vital role in the lymphatic system.

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6. Pancreas

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Location & Structure
• The pancreas is unique because it is both an endocrine and
exocrine gland. In other words, the pancreas has the dual
function of secreting hormones into blood (endocrine) and
secreting enzymes through ducts (exocrine) therefore it is also
called as Exoendocrine gland.
• The pancreas is a 6 inch-long flattened gland located in
abdominal cavity.
• It is connected to the duodenum, which is part of the small
intestine.

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Hormones of Pancreas

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Hormones of Pancreas
 Alpha cells — Glucagon
 Beta cells — Insulin
 Delta cells — Somatostatin (growth-hormone inhibiting
hormone)
 F cells — pancreatic polypeptide (PP)

Trick to remember AG BIDS For Puppy

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Hormones of Pancreas

1. Insulin:
Actions:
 On carbohydrate metabolism:
• Insulin increases the glucose entry into most of body cells
• Insulin produce hypoglycemia
 On protein metabolism:
• Insulin promotes amino-acid uptake
• It decrease protein breakdown
• It promotes protein synthesis especially in muscles
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Hormones of Pancreas
2. Glucagon: -
• Glucagon act mostly on the liver and adipose tissues where it
antagonizes the actions of insulin
• Stimulate glycogenolysis
• Promotes gluconeogenesis
3. Somatostatin:
• A hormone that is widely distributed throughout the body,
especially in the hypothalamus and pancreas
• It helps in body growth
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Diseases Related to Insulin
Diabetes Mellitus
 It is characterized by high blood
sugar level for prolonged period.
 This high blood sugar produces
the symptoms of
• frequent urination,
• increased thirst, and
• increased hunger.

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7. Adrenal Glands
 Also called as Supra-renal glands.
 There are two adrenal glands,
 It is located on top of each Kidneys
 About 4 cm long and 3 cm thick
 It has two parts:
• outer part is cortex and
• the inner part is medulla.

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Hormones

1. Adrenal Cortex: -(Cortical Hormones)

It produces three hormones:
Glucocorticoids
Androgens (Sex hormones )
Mineralocorticoids
These are collectively called as
Adrenocorticoids
(Trick to remember Cortex me GAM)

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Hormones
A. Glucocorticoids: -
 Cortisol, corticosterone and cortisone are the main Glucocorticoids
 They are essential for-
• Gluconeogenesis (formation of new sugar)
• Lipolysis (breakdown of lipid)
B. Mineralocorticoids:-
• Aldosterone is the main mineralocorticoids
• It maintains Water and electrolyte balance
C. Sex hormones: -
• Androgens are the main sex hormones
• They contribute to the onset of puberty
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Hormones
2. Adrenal Medulla: -
 It produces two hormones
• Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
• Noradrenaline. (Norepinephrine)

• Trick to remember MAN

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Hormones
Adrenaline and noradrenaline:
 Noradrenaline and adrenaline are released into the blood
 They are structurally very similar and have similar effects
 Together they shows:
• Increasing heart rate
• Increasing blood pressure
• Increasing metabolic rate
• Dilating the pupils

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Disorders of Adrenal Gland
1. Cushing’s syndrome: -
 It is caused due to hyper secretion of
glucocorticoids
 Characteristic features:
• Pain in face, neck and abdomen
• Diminished protein synthesis
• Hypertension
• Menstrual disturbance
• Peptic ulcers
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Disorders of Adrenal Gland
2. Addison’s disease:
 It is due to hypo secretion of
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
 Effects:
• Muscle weakness.
• Vomiting and diarrhea.
• Tiredness.
• Mental confusion.
• Low blood volume.
• Hypotension.
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8. Testes (In male):
 They are located within the scrotum
which is the loose pouch of skin that
hangs outside the body behind the
penis.
 produces testosterone which
Promotes
• production of functional sperms,
• influences secondary sex character,
• stimulates muscle growth
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9. Ovaries(In female):
• The ovaries are oval shaped
and about the size of a large grape.
• They are located on opposite
ends of the pelvic wall at both
sides of uterus
• Ovaries produce and release
two groups of sex hormones—
progesterone and oestrogen.

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Function & Disease
• The ovaries maintain the health of the female reproductive
system.
• Diseases associated with the ovaries include ovarian cysts,
ovarian cancer, menstrual cycle disorders, and Poly Cystic
Ovarian Syndrome(PCOS).

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Conclusion
In endocrine system we have seen:
• various glands of our body
• Hormones secreted by them
• Their various functions

• If you have any doubt then you can ask in

• Comment section or
• On my email tusharvjoshi21@gmail.com

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