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Indoor Air Quality: by Aayush Khanal Nabin Raj Chaulagain Prajwol Pokharel Sandesh Basnet
Indoor Air Quality: by Aayush Khanal Nabin Raj Chaulagain Prajwol Pokharel Sandesh Basnet
By
Aayush Khanal
Nabin Raj Chaulagain
Prajwol Pokharel
Sandesh Basnet
Contents
• Indoor Air Pollutants
• Sources of Indoor Pollutants
• Control Strategies
• Ventilation and Ventilation Standards
• Household Smoke Pollution and its Effects to the Residents
WHAT?
• Air quality within and around building and structures.
• Spend about 90% of the time indoors
Radon causes 21,000 lung cancer death per year in the U.S. About
2,900 of those deaths occur in people who have never smoked.
INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
• RADON
INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
• PESTICIDES
INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
• PESTICIDES
Chemicals used to kill or control pests.
About 80% of most people’s exposure occurs indoors.
Can be found as sprays, liquid, sticks, powder or balls.
Children’s health can also be affected by Inert agent.
Both active and inert agent are organic and can add to airborne
organics in home.
INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
• PESTICIDES
Health Effects
Irritation to eye, nose and throat
Damage to central nervous system and kidney
Increased risk of cancer
INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
• STOVES
ONLY 60% OF THE WORLD HAS ACCESS
TO CLEAN COOKING FUELS
INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
• BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS
Sources
Pollens from plants
Virus, transmitted by people and animals
Household pets
Body parts from cockroaches and rhodents
Urine of rats and mice
Contaminated air handling systems
INDOOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
IAQ MANAGEMENT STRATEGY
• Team approach
• Identification and Assessment
• Development and implementation of plan
• Periodic inspection
• Development of logs
• Repairs and Upgrades
IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT
• Identifying pollutant source
• Evaluating HVAC system performances
• Measuring contamination level
CONTROL METHODS
• SOURCE MANAGEMENT
• Installing low VOC emitter carpets
• No VOC paints
• LOCAL EXHAUST
• Canopy hood
• Removing point source of pollutants before it disperses in the room
• GENERAL DILUTION VENTILATION
• Dilutes and removes odor and other contaminants
• Controls temperature and relative humidity
• Controls normal amount of air pollution
Engineering Controls
• Removal of particles from the air
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
• Work schedule
• Education
• Housekeeping
• Seeking Professional Assessment
WORK SCHEDULE
• Eliminate or reduce the amount of time the worker is exposed to the
pollutant
• Reduce the amount of pollutants used by workers or near workers
• Control the location of chemical use
EDUCATION
ASA 1946 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Based on Yahlou and contemporaries
ASHRAE 1975 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Same as above
ASHRAE 1981 10 CFM per person 5 L/s per person For non-smoking areas, reduced.
ASHRAE 1989 15 CFM per person 7.5 L/s per person Based on Fanger, W. Cain, and Janssen
Occupant Based Ventilation Rates,
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004
IP Units SI Units Category Examples
Spaces where ventilation requirements are
Storage Rooms,
0 cfm/person 0 L/s/person primarily associated with building elements, not
Warehouses
occupants.
Spaces occupied by adults, engaged in low
5 cfm/person 2.5 L/s/person Office space
levels of activity
Spaces where occupants are engaged in higher
7.5 cfm/person 3.5 L/s/person levels of activity, but not strenuous, or activities Retail spaces, lobbies
generating more contaminants
8 No smoking
16 Some smoking
24 Heavy smoking
80
77
82
South East Asia
66
61
60 Western Pacific
53
World 46
48 41
40
Eastern Mediterranean
35
27
Americas
20
22
14
Europe 7
0
8000
7000
6000
Million Peope
5000
World Pop
4000
Solid Fuel Users
3000
2000 ~40% of the world
1000 ~2.8 billion people
More than any time
0
in human history
Household SMOKE Pollution
• Causes
Woodsmoke
Woodsmoke is natural – how can it hurt you?
C a r b o n M o n o x id e : P a r tic le s B en ze ne 1 ,3 -B u t a d ie n e F o r m a ld e h y d e
1 5 0 m g /m 3 3 .3 m g / m 3 0 .8 m g / m 3 0 .1 5 m g /m 3 0 .7 m g /m 3
1 0 m g /m 3 0 .1 m g / m 3 0 .0 0 2 m g / m 3 0 .0 0 0 3 m g / m 3 0 .1 m g / m 3
W oo d : 1 kg
1 5 .3 M J
T r a15%
d i t i o moisture
n a l S to v e
In to P o t In P IC W a s te H e a t
2 .8 M J 1 .2 M J 1 1 .3 M J
18% 8% 74%
Source:
PIC = products of incomplete combustion = CO, HC, C, etc. Smith,et al.,2000
Household SMOKE Pollution
• Pollutants
Toxic Pollutants in Biomass Fuel Smoke from Simple (poor) Combustion
• Small particles, CO, NO2
• Hydrocarbons
• 25+ saturated hydrocarbons such as n-hexane
• 40+ unsaturated hydrocarbons such as 1,3 butadiene
• 28+ mono-aromatics such as benzene & styrene
• 20+ polycyclic aromatics such as benzo()pyrene
• Oxygenated organics
• 20+ aldehydes including formaldehyde & acrolein
• 25+ alcohols and acids such as methanol
• 33+ phenols such as catechol & cresol
• Many quinones such as hydroquinone
• Semi-quinone-type and other radicals Source: Naeher et al,
J Inhal Tox, 2007
• Chlorinated organics such as methylene chloride and dioxin
Household SMOKE Pollution
• Effects
COPD
ALRI/ Diseases for which we have
Pneumonia epidemiological studies Lung cancer
(coal)
These three diseases were included in the 2004 Comparative Risk Assessment
Managed and published by WHO
First ever comprehensive risk assessment with consistent rules of evidence
and common databases
Household SMOKE Pollution
• Effects COPD
ALRI/ Diseases for which we have
Pneumonia epidemiological studies Lung cancer
(coal)
Lung cancer
Low birth (biomass)
weight
Blindness
(cataracts, opacity)
Heart disease
Stillbirth Blood pressure
ST-segment
Tuberculosis
Cognitive ALRI
Impairment
Other cancers
Birth defects (cervical, NP,
upper airway)
Burns and the health/safety
impacts of fuel gathering
Asthma?
Household SMOKE Pollution
• Method of INTERVENTIONS
Household SMOKE Pollution
• Method of INTERVENTIONS
Prevention of exposure to CO