FORMS OF DYEING

FORMS OF DYEING

Stock Dyeing Top Dyeing Yarn Dyeing Piece Dyeing

Skein/Hank Dyeing Package Dyeing Warp-beam Dyeing Space Dyeing

Union dyeing Cross-dyeing

Piece Dyeing Methods/Machines

1.Beck dyeing 2.Jig dyeing 3.Beam Dyeing

4.Pad dyeing 5.Jet Dyeing
 Involves
adding
another pigments
way of to MMF
imparting (liquid
Dope color - form) or
Also called
as solution
Not widely
related to solution used
dyeing fibre rather form
dyeing
than fabric before
– MMF extrusion
from
spinnerette
 Stock Dyeing

• Refers dyeing of fibers or stock, before it is spun into yarn.

• Loose, un spun fibers - large vats containing the dye solution -proper
temperature.

• Capacity - 500 to 3000 pounds at one time

Important features

• Most costly as level of production is

relatively low.

• Excellent penetration and evenness of

the color throughout.

• Strong element of fashion risk

• 10-15% waste of dyed fibers through

subsequent processes.

Reason for use:

• Used mostly in woolen materials for

heather like color effects.
 Top Dyeing
• Dyeing of fiber before it is spun into yarn

• TOP - fibers of wool from which shorter fibers have been removed.

• TOP - select long fibers which are used to spin worsted yarn.

• The top in the form of sliver is dyed, then later blended with other colors.
 Yarn Dyeing

Yarns may be dyed in different forms

1. Skeins/hanks
2. Space dyeing
3. Packages
4. Beams
 Skein Dyeing

• Large, loosely wound hanks of yarns into dye vats

• Soft, lofty yarns, such as hand knitting yarns, are usually skein dyed.

• Most costly yarn dyeing method

Space Dyeing
 Package Dyeing
• About a pound of yarn is wound on a small perforated spool or tube called
package
• Most widely used for yarns found in woven and knitted fabrics
Cabinet dyeing machine
 BEAM DYEING
 Larger version of package dyeing
 An entire warp is wound onto perforated cylinder, which is then placed in
a beam dyeing machine where flow of dye bath alternated as in package
dyeing
 Beam dyeing is more economical than skein or package dyeing.
 Important features of Yarn Dyeing
• Less costly than stock or top dyeing.

• Excellent penetration of dye and thus produces a great clarity of color.

• Classical yarn dyed fabrics are,

• Gingham
• Madras
• Brocade &
• Multicolored weft knits.

Reason for use

• For stripes, checks, and other multicolored designs.

 Piece Dyeing

• Dyeing of cloth after it has been woven or knitted

• Most common method of dyeing used.

• The various method/machines used:

 Beck Dyeing
 Jet Dyeing
 Jig Dyeing
 Pad Dyeing
 Beam Dyeing

Important Features

• Less costly than stock or yarn dyeing.

• Can be undertaken at a time closer to the point of sale of fabrics, and thus involves substantially
less fashion risk.
 Fabric Dyeing Machines
Can be classified into 2 types:

• Batch dyeing machines

– Jigger, Jet and Beam dyeing machines - Woven

– Soft Flow jet dyeing and Winch - Knits

• Continuous dyeing machines

– Padding mangle along with a reaction chamber and

washing range in sequence
 Winch Dyeing Machine
• One of the oldest - rope form processing for
all knitted goods - Conventional dyeing
machine.

• Consists a tub containing the dye liquor,

and an elliptical winch or reel located
horizontally above the dye bath.

• Fabric with ends stitched together to make

continuous rope form is passed through the
dye bath and submerged repeatedly.

• Fabric is held in a slack or loose condition

during dyeing.
• Also known as Beck Dyeing or Box
Dyeing

• Capacity of around 1000 yards

• Mainly used for knits and

lightweight fabrics;

• High liquor ratios (1:20 to 1:50)

Jet Dyeing Machines

• Main purpose is to make use of the dye

liquor jet as a means to transport the
fabric within the dyeing system

• High speed dye liquor jet carries the

fabric rope along, from one end of the
dye vessel to other end

Advantages

• Dyeing can takes place at high

temperature 135-1500 C.
• Uses less water and chemical, and has
shorter dyeing cycle time
• Efficient and High production
• Used for dyeing delicate woven/knits
and light weight fabrics
• Capacity – around 1400lbs of material
Jig/Jigger Dyeing Machines
• Fabric is in open/full width, no problem of creasing

• Consists of a small tub and 2 drawing rollers located above the

dye bath

• First the fabric is wound around one of the rollers

• During dyeing the fabric is passed through the dye bath and
rewind on to the 2nd roller

• When all the fabric is passed through the dye bath the
direction of the movement is reversed, this would be repeated
until the dyeing is completed

• Tension is imparted lengthwise during dyeing

• Capacity of main roller 100kg

Advantage

• Suitable for delicate and lightweight fabrics

• Low m:l ratio(1:2 to 1:6)
• Consumption of chemicals and energy is also low

Disadvantage: possibility of shade variation from centre to

selvedge
 Pad Dyeing

• Fabric in open width is first passed

through the dye bath, then through
the rollers where the dye solution is
squeezed into the fabric

• Pad dyeing places tension on the

fabric

• It’s a continuous dyeing system

where quantities of fabric are run
continuously through a pad, then
into heat steam chambers, then into
washers, rinsers and drier
 Beam Dyeing Machines

• Similar to beam dyeing of yarns

• Used to dye lightweight and open construction fabrics

• Fabrics are subjected to stress and tension

• Capacity – 10000yds
Soft flow Dyeing machines
Exclusive Features :

• Lowest liquor ratio.

• Reduced dye & chemicals.
• Reduced steam consumption.
• Reduced electricity.
• Tangle free operation.
• No rope marks, no pilling effect, no hairiness.

Standard Features :

• Dye 30 to 450 g./sq.mt.

• Fabric (cotton woven, cotton knit and its blends)
• Very soft flow nozzle with low pressure higher flow.

Technical Data :

• Capacity - 10kg. to 2000kg.<

• Maximum working temp. 140° C.
• Maximum working pressure 4 kg./cm².
 Garment Dyeing

• Dyeing of completed garment.

• Example: non-tailored categories, such as sweaters sweat shirts and hosiery

• Tailored items, such as suits or dresses, cannot be dyed as garments because the difference in the
shrinkage of the various components distort, and mis-shape, the article.

• Garment dyeing is done by placing a suitable number of garments into a nylon net bag.

• The garments are loosely packed.

• From 10 – 50 bags are then placed in paddle dyer, large tubes containing dye bath, and are kept agitating.
Important Features

• The most important advantage - materials need not to be dyed until shortly
before the actual sale of the merchandise. Therefore, the risk of a color becoming
poor seller because of fashion trends is considerably diminished.

• Economical dyeing, as the dyed fabric parts are not wasted during the cutting
process.

• Fabric must be tested for shrinkage before cutting of garments, and must be given
required tolerance to allow for shrinkage so that size will be accurate.

• Garment manufacturers must cut all the fabric for one garment from the same lot(
or batch) in order to ensure color uniformity.

• Thread, Labels, buttons and zippers must be selected carefully and tested to be
sure it will accept the dye in the same way as the fabric.

• Most garment dyeing is done on cotton and polyester/cotton blends.

OTHER DYEING TYPES
 CROSS DYEING
 Process of dyeing fabrics made up of
different fibers or yarns with different
colors.

 Yarn, fabric or even garment made

with two or more generic fiber types
“blends” having different dyeing
qualities is dyed in a single dye bath
containing different classes of dyes.

 It produces a multi-colored fabric in

one operation by mixing dyes, each
specific to one fiber.

 Plaids or stripes can be created in a

fabric by alternating yarns of different
fibers.
 UNION DYEING
• UNION DYEING - achieving single solid
color on blended fabrics.

 Rayon + Acetate blend – dyeing solid

color of green by using a direct dye for
the rayon and “disperse dye” of the
same color for the acetate.

 The problem with union dyeing -

variation in the fastness properties of
different dyes.

 Use of pigments, which are not fiber

specific, offers a cheap and easy way
to produce solid-colored fabrics.

 It is limited to pastel colors

 DIFFERENTIAL DYEING
• It is also called tone-on-tone
dyeing.

• Two different types of same

fiber are used.

• Both respond to the same type

of dye but differently.

• For example, a lighter and

darker shade of the same color
result.

• Shaded carpets are often dyed

this way, where 2 or 3 nylon
fibers with differing degrees of
affinity for the same dye are
blended in the carpet yarns.
 RESERVE DYEING
• Reserve dyeing is the concept of dyeing only one fiber in the
blend and the other is left white or ‘reserved’.

• Avoiding a stain can be challenging thing in this type of dyeing.