The Electronic Spectra of Coordination Compounds

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The Electronic Spectra of

Coordination Compounds
Susi Nurul Khalifah
Coordination Complexes
• Unlike most organic
compounds, many coordination
compounds have vivid colors.
– These vivid colors are due to
the electronic transitions
between the d-orbitals of
the metal.
• The energy levels of d electron
configurations, however, are
Cu(H2O)62+ Co(H2O)62+ Ni(H2O)62+ Fe(H2O)62+
usually more complicated than
might be expected since the
electrons in the atomic orbitals
interact with each other.
Absorption of Light
• Complementary colors – if a compound absorbed
light of one color, the complement of that color is
observed.
– [Cu(H2O)6]2+ has a blue color. What is absorbed?
• Beer-Lambert Absorption Law
• log(Io/I)=A=lc (define variables)
I/I0 : transmittance
ε : molar absorptivity (L mol-1cm-1)
• In a common absorption spectrum, the A is plotted versus
wavelength or cm-1 (1/).
Electronic Spectra
1) Characteristic of d-block metal complexes:
Colours
2) Provide information about structure and
bonding.
Electronic Transition
1) Transition between metal-centred orbitals with d-
character (d-d transition).
2) Transition between metal- and ligand-centred MOs
which transfer charge from metal to ligand or ligand
to metal.
MLCT = metal-to-ligand charge transfer
LMCT = ligand-to-metal charge transfer
 400 nm corresponds to 25000 cm-1
 Absorption bands in electronic spectra are usually
broad
 Absorption of a photon of light occurs in ≅ 10-18s
and molecular vibrations and rotations occur more
slowly.
Selection rules
Laporte rule
g  g and u u forbidden (that is, d-d forbidden)
but g  u and u g allowed (that is, d-p allowed)
Transisi terlarang g ke g diperbolehkan, jika pusat simetrinya dihilangkan dengan vibrasi
asimetris. Transisi elektronik yang memperoleh intensitasnya dari vibrasi molekul disebut
transisi vibranik

Spin rule
Transitions between states of different multiplicities forbidden
Transitions between states of same multiplicities allowed
Strategy to understand the electronic spectra of complexes

1. Determine free-ion (or in uniform field) term symbols.


2. Determine how these terms split in a weak field.
3. Determine how these terms split in a strong field.
4. Correlate these with Tanabe-Sugano diagram.

Terms : energy levels (or states) of a particular configuration


Electronic configurations of multi-electron atoms

What is a 2p2 configuration?

n = 2; l = 1; ml = -1, 0, +1; ms = ± 1/2

Many configurations fit that description

These configurations are called microstates


and they have different energies
because of inter-electronic repulsions
p2

ML & M S

Microstate
Table
States (S, P, D)
Spin multiplicity

Terms symbol
3
P, 1D, 1S

Ground state term


3
P
What is ML & Ms ?
Russell-Saunders coupling (L-S coupling)
a. Orbit-orbit interaction (coupling) :
ML = Σm1  L : total orbital
b. Spin-spin interaction (coupling) :
MS = Σms  S : total spin
c. L-S coupling :
J = L + S : total angular moment quantum number

Term symbol
2S+1
LJ
2S+1 : spin multiplicity
States : L = 0 (S), 1(P), 2(D), 3(F), 4(G), 5(H), 6(I),...
Term Symbols
Each energy state or term is represented by
a term symbol. The term symbol is a capitol
letter that is related to the value of L.

L= 0 1 2 3 4
Term
Symb S P D F G
ol
Term Symbols
The upper left corner of the term
symbol contains a number called the
multiplicity. The multiplicity is the
number of unpaired electrons +1, or
2S+1.
Exercise determines the ML dan Ms
of p2
Microstate Table for p2

Largest ML is +2,
so L = 2 (a D term)
and MS = 0 for ML = +2,
2S +1 = 1 (S = 0)
1
D

Next largest ML is +1,


so L = 1 (a P term)
and MS = 0, ±1/2 for ML = +1,
2S +1 = 3
3
P

One remaining microstate


ML is 0, L = 0 (an S term)
and MS = 0 for ML = 0,
Spin multiplicity = # columns of microstates
2S +1 = 1
1
S
The number of microstates possible for any electronic
configuration may be calculated from the formula,

Number of microstates = n! / r! (n - r)!

Where n is the twice the number of orbitals, r is the number of


electrons and ! is the factorial

For p2 configuration, n= 3x2 =6; r = 2; n – r = 4


6! = 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 720; 2! = 2 x 1 =2; 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 =
24
Substituting in the formula, the number of microstates is 15.
Next largest ML is +1,
Largest ML is +2,
so L = 1 (a P term)
so L = 2 (a D term)
and MS = 0, ±1/2 for ML = +1,
and MS = 0 for ML = +2,
2S +1 = 3
2S +1 = 1 (S = 0) 3
P
1
D
ML is 0, L = 0
2S +1 = 1
1
S
Determine of ground state:

1. Term dengan multiplisitas lebih besar tingkat energinya adalah


lebih rendah dibandingkan term dengan multiplisitas lebih kecil
2. Beberapa term dengan dengan multiplisitas yang sama, tingkat
energinya semakin rendah dengan bertambah besarnya harga
momentum sudut orbital total (L).
Electronic Spectra Of Octahedral Complexes

General concept
Ions in symmetric ligand fields have different energy
states which result not only from differences in
electron repulsion energy but also from the splitting
of orbital degeneracies by the ligand field.
Spektra Kompleks Oktahedral
Medan lemah
1. Ion Pusat d1
Term Keadaan Dasar  2D.
Eg
2
(doubly degenerated (dx2-y2 dan dz2))

+ 0,6 Δo
2
D
Δo atau 10Dq

- 0,4 Δo
(Triply degenerated (dxy, dxz, dyz))
2
T2g
Gambar 1. Pemisahan term 2D pada medan oktahedral dengan ion pusat d1

Transisi elektronik  hanya ada satu kemungkinan yaitu dari


term 2T2g ke term Eg
Contoh : spektrum absorpsi ion [Ti(H2O)6]3+

Absorpsi maksimum
20.300 cm-1

Karena kekuatan
ligan H2O > F- > Cl-

Pola spektrum yang sama juga pada ion [TiF6]2-  18.900 cm-1
dan ion [TiCl6]3-  13.000 cm-1. Jadi frekuensi absorpsi
maksimum untuk [Ti(H2O)6]3+ > [TiF6]2- > [TiCl6]3-
Diagram Orgel

Kenaikan kekuatan
medan ligan akan
memperbesar
perbedaan tingkat
energi antara term 2T2g
ke term Eg sehingga
harga Δo juga bertambah
besar

Kekuatan medan ligan


Interpretation of Spectra – d & d
1 9

There is only 1
spin-allowed
transition, with
the energy
absorbed equal
to the value of
∆o.
2. Ion Pusat d9
Term Keadaan Dasar  2D.
2
T2g

2
D + 0,4 Δo

- 0,6 Δo

2
Eg
Gambar 2. Pemisahan term 2D pada medan oktahedral dengan ion pusat d9

Transisi elektronik  hanya ada satu kemungkinan yaitu dari


term 2Eg ke term 2T2g
Diagram Orgel Ion Pusat d9
2
T2g

+ 0,4 Δo
2
D

- 0,6 Δo

2
Eg

Kekuatan medan ligan


3. Ion Pusat d6
Term Keadaan Dasar  5D.
5
Eg

+ 0,6 Δo
5
D

- 0,4 Δo
5
T2g
Gambar 3. Pemisahan term 5D pada medan oktahedral dengan ion pusat d6

Transisi elektronik  hanya ada satu kemungkinan yaitu dari


term 5T2g ke term 5Eg
Contoh & Diagram Orgel Ion Pusat d6

2
Eg

+ 0,6 Δo

5
D

- 0,4 Δo

T2g
2

Kekuatan medan ligan


4. Ion Pusat d4
Term Keadaan Dasar  5D.
T2g
5

D
5 + 0,4 Δo

- 0,6 Δo

Eg
5

Gambar 4. Pemisahan term 5D pada medan oktahedral dengan ion pusat d4

Transisi elektronik  hanya ada satu kemungkinan yaitu dari


term 5Eg ke term 5T2g
Contoh & Diagram Orgel Ion Pusat d4

5
T2g

+ 0,4 Δo
5
D

- 0,6 Δo

5
Eg

Kekuatan medan ligan


Diagram Orgel Kompleks Oktahedral
Medan Lemah d1, d4, d6 dan d9
Eg
T2g

+ 0,4 Δo + 0,6 Δo
d4 D d1
d9 d6
- 0,6 Δo - 0,4 Δo

Eg T2g

Kekuatan medan ligan Kekuatan medan ligan


5. Ion Pusat d2
Term Keadaan Dasar  3F
3
A2g

Δo 1,2 Δo

3
T2g
3
F 0,2 Δo

- 0,6 Δo
3
T1g
Gambar 5. Pemisahan term 5D pada medan oktahedral dengan ion pusat d4

Ingat! Aturan seleksi spin  ada beberapa term lain yang memiliki
multiplisitas yang sama yaitu term 3P
3
T1g
3
T1g
P
3

3
A2g 3
A2g

3
T2g 3
T2g
F
3

3
T1g

3
T1g
(a) (b)

(a) Sebelum pencampuran term, (b) setelah pencampuran term


Term 3T1g yang berasal dari term 3P dan term 3T1g yang berasal
dari term 3F akan mengalami pencampuran (mixing)

Term 3T1g yang berasal dari dari term 3P mengalami kenaikan


tingkat energi, sedangkan term 3T1g yang berasal dari term 3F
mengalami penurunan tingkat energi

Kompleks oktahedral dengan konfigurasi d2 ada tiga kemungkinan


yaitu:

3
T1g(F)  3T2g
3
T1g(F)  3A2g
3
T1g(F)  3T1g(P)
Diagram Orgel Ion Pusat d2
A2g
3

Transisi dan transisi terjadi


Tingkat 3
T1g (P) pada panjang gelombang
Energi yang berdekatan
3
P
Titik saling silang term
T2g
3

Dua puncak yang diperoleh


3
F dari dua transisi akan
menjadi satu

3
T1g (F) Hanya teramati dua
puncak saja
Kekuatan medan ligan
Pada ion [V(H2O)6]3+ transisi 3T1g(F)  3T2g terjadi pada frekuensi 17200 cm-1,
transisi 3T1g(F)  3A2g terjadi pada frekuensi 25700 cm-1

Berada pada sinar tampak  kompleks berwarna biru

Transisi 3T1g(F)  3T1g(P) secara teoritik terjadi pada 36000 cm-1,


yaitu di daerah ultraviolet  tidak dapat teramati
6. Ion Pusat d8
Term Keadaan Dasar  3F
3
T1g (P)
3
T1g (P)
3
P

Pencampuran (mixing)
3
T1g (F)

3
T1g (F)
+ 0,6 Δo

3
F
- 0,2 Δo
3
T2g
3
T2g
1,0 Δo

3
A2g
3
A2g
Diagram Orgel Ion Pusat d8
3
T1g (P)

Tingkat 3
T1g (F)
Energi
3
P

3
F

3
T2g

3
A2g

Kekuatan medan ligan


Kompleks oktahedral dengan konfigurasi d8 ada tiga kemungkinan
yaitu:

3
A2g  3T2g dengan frekuensi v1
3
A2g  3T1g(F) dengan frekuensi v2
3
T1g  3T1g(P) dengan frekuensi v3

v3

v1 v2

10000 20000 30000


Spektrum absorpsi ion [Ni(H2O)6]2+
7. Ion Pusat d3
Term Keadaan Dasar  4F
4
T1g (P)
4
T1g (P)
4
P

Pencampuran (mixing)
4
T1g (F)

4
T1g (F)
+ 0,6 Δo

4
F
- 0,2 Δo
4
T2g
4
T2g
1,0 Δo

4
A2g
4
A2g
Diagram Orgel Ion Pusat d3
4
T1g (P)

Kompleks oktahedral
Tingkat 4
T1g (F)
Energi dengan konfigurasi d3
4
P ada tiga kemungkinan
yaitu:
4
A2g  4T2g
4
F
4
A2g  4T1g(F)
4
A2g  4T1g(P)
4
T2g

4
A2g

Kekuatan medan ligan


8. Ion Pusat d7
Term Keadaan Dasar  4F
T1g
4
4
T1g
P
4

4
A2g A2g
4

4
T2g
T2g
4

F
4

4
T1g

T1g
4
Diagram Orgel Ion Pusat d7
A2g
4

Tingkat 4
T1g (P)
Energi
4
P
Titik saling silang term
T2g
4
Kompleks oktahedral
4
F dengan konfigurasi d7 ada
tiga kemungkinan yaitu:

4
T1g(F)  4T2g
4
T1g(F)  4A2g
4
T1g (F) 4
T1g(F)  4T1g(P)
Kekuatan medan ligan
Diagram Orgel Kompleks Oktahedral
Medan Lemah d2, d3, d7 dan d8
A2g

T1g (P) P
T1g(P)
T1g(F)
T2g
F
d3
d2
d8 T2g d7
T1g (F)

A2g

Kekuatan medan ligan Kekuatan medan ligan


9. Ion Pusat d5

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