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The Electronic Spectra of Coordination Compounds
The Electronic Spectra of Coordination Compounds
The Electronic Spectra of Coordination Compounds
Coordination Compounds
Susi Nurul Khalifah
Coordination Complexes
• Unlike most organic
compounds, many coordination
compounds have vivid colors.
– These vivid colors are due to
the electronic transitions
between the d-orbitals of
the metal.
• The energy levels of d electron
configurations, however, are
Cu(H2O)62+ Co(H2O)62+ Ni(H2O)62+ Fe(H2O)62+
usually more complicated than
might be expected since the
electrons in the atomic orbitals
interact with each other.
Absorption of Light
• Complementary colors – if a compound absorbed
light of one color, the complement of that color is
observed.
– [Cu(H2O)6]2+ has a blue color. What is absorbed?
• Beer-Lambert Absorption Law
• log(Io/I)=A=lc (define variables)
I/I0 : transmittance
ε : molar absorptivity (L mol-1cm-1)
• In a common absorption spectrum, the A is plotted versus
wavelength or cm-1 (1/).
Electronic Spectra
1) Characteristic of d-block metal complexes:
Colours
2) Provide information about structure and
bonding.
Electronic Transition
1) Transition between metal-centred orbitals with d-
character (d-d transition).
2) Transition between metal- and ligand-centred MOs
which transfer charge from metal to ligand or ligand
to metal.
MLCT = metal-to-ligand charge transfer
LMCT = ligand-to-metal charge transfer
400 nm corresponds to 25000 cm-1
Absorption bands in electronic spectra are usually
broad
Absorption of a photon of light occurs in ≅ 10-18s
and molecular vibrations and rotations occur more
slowly.
Selection rules
Laporte rule
g g and u u forbidden (that is, d-d forbidden)
but g u and u g allowed (that is, d-p allowed)
Transisi terlarang g ke g diperbolehkan, jika pusat simetrinya dihilangkan dengan vibrasi
asimetris. Transisi elektronik yang memperoleh intensitasnya dari vibrasi molekul disebut
transisi vibranik
Spin rule
Transitions between states of different multiplicities forbidden
Transitions between states of same multiplicities allowed
Strategy to understand the electronic spectra of complexes
ML & M S
Microstate
Table
States (S, P, D)
Spin multiplicity
Terms symbol
3
P, 1D, 1S
Term symbol
2S+1
LJ
2S+1 : spin multiplicity
States : L = 0 (S), 1(P), 2(D), 3(F), 4(G), 5(H), 6(I),...
Term Symbols
Each energy state or term is represented by
a term symbol. The term symbol is a capitol
letter that is related to the value of L.
L= 0 1 2 3 4
Term
Symb S P D F G
ol
Term Symbols
The upper left corner of the term
symbol contains a number called the
multiplicity. The multiplicity is the
number of unpaired electrons +1, or
2S+1.
Exercise determines the ML dan Ms
of p2
Microstate Table for p2
Largest ML is +2,
so L = 2 (a D term)
and MS = 0 for ML = +2,
2S +1 = 1 (S = 0)
1
D
General concept
Ions in symmetric ligand fields have different energy
states which result not only from differences in
electron repulsion energy but also from the splitting
of orbital degeneracies by the ligand field.
Spektra Kompleks Oktahedral
Medan lemah
1. Ion Pusat d1
Term Keadaan Dasar 2D.
Eg
2
(doubly degenerated (dx2-y2 dan dz2))
+ 0,6 Δo
2
D
Δo atau 10Dq
- 0,4 Δo
(Triply degenerated (dxy, dxz, dyz))
2
T2g
Gambar 1. Pemisahan term 2D pada medan oktahedral dengan ion pusat d1
Absorpsi maksimum
20.300 cm-1
Karena kekuatan
ligan H2O > F- > Cl-
Pola spektrum yang sama juga pada ion [TiF6]2- 18.900 cm-1
dan ion [TiCl6]3- 13.000 cm-1. Jadi frekuensi absorpsi
maksimum untuk [Ti(H2O)6]3+ > [TiF6]2- > [TiCl6]3-
Diagram Orgel
Kenaikan kekuatan
medan ligan akan
memperbesar
perbedaan tingkat
energi antara term 2T2g
ke term Eg sehingga
harga Δo juga bertambah
besar
There is only 1
spin-allowed
transition, with
the energy
absorbed equal
to the value of
∆o.
2. Ion Pusat d9
Term Keadaan Dasar 2D.
2
T2g
2
D + 0,4 Δo
- 0,6 Δo
2
Eg
Gambar 2. Pemisahan term 2D pada medan oktahedral dengan ion pusat d9
+ 0,4 Δo
2
D
- 0,6 Δo
2
Eg
+ 0,6 Δo
5
D
- 0,4 Δo
5
T2g
Gambar 3. Pemisahan term 5D pada medan oktahedral dengan ion pusat d6
2
Eg
+ 0,6 Δo
5
D
- 0,4 Δo
T2g
2
D
5 + 0,4 Δo
- 0,6 Δo
Eg
5
5
T2g
+ 0,4 Δo
5
D
- 0,6 Δo
5
Eg
+ 0,4 Δo + 0,6 Δo
d4 D d1
d9 d6
- 0,6 Δo - 0,4 Δo
Eg T2g
Δo 1,2 Δo
3
T2g
3
F 0,2 Δo
- 0,6 Δo
3
T1g
Gambar 5. Pemisahan term 5D pada medan oktahedral dengan ion pusat d4
Ingat! Aturan seleksi spin ada beberapa term lain yang memiliki
multiplisitas yang sama yaitu term 3P
3
T1g
3
T1g
P
3
3
A2g 3
A2g
3
T2g 3
T2g
F
3
3
T1g
3
T1g
(a) (b)
3
T1g(F) 3T2g
3
T1g(F) 3A2g
3
T1g(F) 3T1g(P)
Diagram Orgel Ion Pusat d2
A2g
3
3
T1g (F) Hanya teramati dua
puncak saja
Kekuatan medan ligan
Pada ion [V(H2O)6]3+ transisi 3T1g(F) 3T2g terjadi pada frekuensi 17200 cm-1,
transisi 3T1g(F) 3A2g terjadi pada frekuensi 25700 cm-1
Pencampuran (mixing)
3
T1g (F)
3
T1g (F)
+ 0,6 Δo
3
F
- 0,2 Δo
3
T2g
3
T2g
1,0 Δo
3
A2g
3
A2g
Diagram Orgel Ion Pusat d8
3
T1g (P)
Tingkat 3
T1g (F)
Energi
3
P
3
F
3
T2g
3
A2g
3
A2g 3T2g dengan frekuensi v1
3
A2g 3T1g(F) dengan frekuensi v2
3
T1g 3T1g(P) dengan frekuensi v3
v3
v1 v2
Pencampuran (mixing)
4
T1g (F)
4
T1g (F)
+ 0,6 Δo
4
F
- 0,2 Δo
4
T2g
4
T2g
1,0 Δo
4
A2g
4
A2g
Diagram Orgel Ion Pusat d3
4
T1g (P)
Kompleks oktahedral
Tingkat 4
T1g (F)
Energi dengan konfigurasi d3
4
P ada tiga kemungkinan
yaitu:
4
A2g 4T2g
4
F
4
A2g 4T1g(F)
4
A2g 4T1g(P)
4
T2g
4
A2g
4
A2g A2g
4
4
T2g
T2g
4
F
4
4
T1g
T1g
4
Diagram Orgel Ion Pusat d7
A2g
4
Tingkat 4
T1g (P)
Energi
4
P
Titik saling silang term
T2g
4
Kompleks oktahedral
4
F dengan konfigurasi d7 ada
tiga kemungkinan yaitu:
4
T1g(F) 4T2g
4
T1g(F) 4A2g
4
T1g (F) 4
T1g(F) 4T1g(P)
Kekuatan medan ligan
Diagram Orgel Kompleks Oktahedral
Medan Lemah d2, d3, d7 dan d8
A2g
T1g (P) P
T1g(P)
T1g(F)
T2g
F
d3
d2
d8 T2g d7
T1g (F)
A2g