Group members:

Muhammad Noman (BBE-1587)

Muhammad Danish (BBE-1588)

Presentation Topic:
DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN
 DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN
Digital logic
design is a system
in electrical and
computer
engineering that
uses simple
number values to
produce input and
output operations.
 Applications
It forms the foundation of electrical engineering and
computer engineering.
It build complex electronic components that use both
electrical and computational characteristics such as
power, current, logical function, protocol, and user
input.
It is used to develop hardware, such as circuit boards
and microchip processors. This hardware processes
user input, system protocol, and other data in
navigational systems, cell phones, or other high-tech
systems.
HISTORY OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS
THE FIRST traffic signal
was invented by J P
Knight, a railway
signalling engineer. It
was installed outside the
Houses of Parliament in
1868 and looked like any
railway signal of the
time, with waving
semaphore arms and red-
green lamps, operated by
gas, for night use
Sequential Logic Design
(Traffic Lights)
We design a traffic light system with a pedestrian crossing
function. Pedestrians could push a button to request that
the traffic be signalled to stop to provide them with a safe
crossing. Such a system would have three lights for the
vehicles on the road: red, yellow, and green. Let's call
these signals R, Y, and G. For the pedestrians we would
have a light to signal that the traffic has been stopped and
it is safe to cross. Let's call this signal M ('M' for man, the
signal is usually a green walking man). We'll also need an
input button for pedestrians to push when they want to
cross the road. Let's call this B.
The pedestrian pushes the button and if the traffic light system is
signalling G then the signalling sequence is as follows:
Signal Y. This prepares the traffic for a stop.
Signal R. This stops the traffic.
Signal M and R. This informs the pedestrian that it is safe to
cross.
Signal R. This keeps the traffic at a standstill and lets
pedestrians finish their crossing.
Signal G. This permits the traffic to start moving again.
Button presses for the first three steps will be ignored — a
crossing has already been requested. A button push during the
last two steps will be remembered and trigger a new sequence
when the current one is finished.
STATE DIAGRAM
Each step in the
sequence will map to
one state. We'll
number them using a
binary code:
000 - signal G.
001 - signal Y.
011 - signal R.
010 - signal M and R.
110 - signal R.
LOGIC DESIGN
From the Karnaugh map for the most
significant next state bit, which is
shown below, we get an equation
of not(S0) and S1 and not(S2).

From the Karnaugh map for the

middle next state bit, which is shown
below, we get an equation of (S1 and
not(S2)) or (S0 and not(S2)).
From the Karnaugh map for
the least significant next state
bit, which is shown below, we
get an equation of (not(S1) and
S2) or (S0 and S2) or (S0 and
not(S1)) or (B and not(S1) and
not(S2)).

From the Karnaugh map for

the Y signal output, shown
below, we get an equation
of (not(S1) and S2) or (S0 and
S2) or (S0 and not(S1)).
The design was used to program the FPGA found on
the Altera Cyclone III Starter Kit. Two push buttons
on the board were used for the reset input and the
pedestrian button. As the buttons gave a 0 input when
pushed, the pedestrian button had to be inverted. The
four board LEDs were used for M, R, Y, and G. The
LEDs were illuminated when 0 was output to the
appropriate pins. Because of this, the output signals
were inverted. The board clock of 50Mhz was run
through a clock divider to give a state transition
frequency that was easier for the human eye to
recognise.
REFERENCES
https://
learn.org/articles/What_is_Digital_Logic_Design.html
https://www.theguardian.com/notesandqueries/query/0,57
53,-
1460,00.html
http://
www.barrywatson.se/dd/dd_sequential_logic_traffic_light
s.html