LIGHT FOLLOWING ROBOT

CHAPTER -1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.2 SCOPE OF WORK

1.3 MOTIVATION

1.4 LITERATURE SURVEY

1.5 AIM

1.6 DESCRIPTION

1.7 APPLICATIONS
 CHAPTER 2
 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
 
Intelligent, programmable, and computing electronic
device designed to perform specific tasks based on a fixed
time frame.
 
An Embedded System is a combination of hardware and
software, perhaps with some mechanical and other
components, designed to perform a specific

Chapter-2 gives the history and brief introduction about

the embedded systems
2.1 HISTORY

2.2 CHARACTERSTIC FEATURES

Embedded systems are designed to do some specific task,

rather than be a general- purpose computer for multiple
tasks

Embedded systems are not always separate devices. Most

often they are physically built-in to the devices they control.
2.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

In addition to the CPU and memory hierarchy,

there are a variety of interfaces that enable the system to
measure, manipulate, and otherwise interact with the
external environment.
2.3 LIFECYCLE OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
2.5 DESCRIPTION OF SERIAL COMMUNICATION
AT89C51 Family SERIAL COMMUNICATION

SERIAL
TRANSFER
SENDER RECEIVER
PARLLEL
TRANSFER

SENDER RECEIVER

To transfer the data to a device located many meters away,

the serial method is used. In serial communication, the data is
sent one bit at a time, in contrast to parallel communication,
in which the data is sent a byte or more at a time
 The 8051 has serial communication capability built into it, thereby making
possible fast data transfer using only a few wires.When a microprocessor
communicates with the outside world, it provides the data in byte-sized chunks

MAX232 & RS232 SERIAL COMMUNICATION:

WHEN COMMUNICATING WITH VARIOUS MICRO PROCESSORS

ONE NEEDS TO CONVERT THE RS 232 LEVELS DOWN TO LOWER
LEVELS TYPICALLY 3.3 OR 5.5 VOLTS.

RS- 232 TTL LOGIC

-15V…….-3V +2V…….+5V HIGH

  +3V……….+5V 0V………0.8V LOW

Schematic Diagram:

Fig 2.(e) Schematic Diagram

RxD and TxD pins in the 8051:

The 8051 has two pins that are used specifically for
transferring and receiving data serially. These two pins are called TxD and RxD
and are part of the port 3 group (Port 3.0 and Port 3.1). Pin 11 of the 8051 (Port
3.1) is assigned to TxD and pin 10 (Port 3.0) is designated as RxD.
Baud rate in the 8051:

BAUD RATE MAXIMUM DISTANCE(IN FEET)

2400 3000
4800 10000
9600 500

19200 50

Signal Bits OF RS232:

1. START BITS
2. DATA BITS
3. PARITY BITS
4. ODD PARITY
5. EVEN PARITY
6. MARK PARITY
7. SPACE PARITY
8. PARITY NONE