Turbines

(Part of Prof Oza

Syllabus)
Compiled By
Prof Shivam Shrivastava
AP-EE , ITNU
Contents:
• Mechanical Arrangement of Steam turbines
• Classification of Hydraulic Turbines
Mechanical Arrangement of Steam
Turbine
• Single Casing Steam Turbine: This is one of the simplest steam turbines
and as the name implies has all its stages of steam turbines under the one
casing. They are also all connected to a common drive shaft. The
superheated steam is supplied to the high pressure turbine, entering it at
the smallest diameter end and expanding through the turbine as the rotor
blades get bigger until finally exiting and passing onto the intermediate
stage. Here it also expands through the blades which are becoming larger
towards the exit. These two stages are usually impulse turbines. From
here the steam which is almost fully expanded enters the dual low
pressure stage where it expands through the ever increasing in size rotor
blades until at almost the last stage it is drawn into the condenser.
Cont..
• Tandem Reheat Steam turbine:This assembly consists of four stages all in
line on the same shaft but can have several casings. The superheated steam
enters the High Pressure stage (HP) where it expands through the small
diameter rotor blades before exiting and being returned to the boiler. In the
boiler the steam is superheated again and is directed to the Intermediate
Pressure stage (IP). Here it expands through larger diameter rotor blades
exiting to the Low Pressure turbines In the final stage there are two
identical sets of Low Pressure turbines (Dual LP). The exiting steam from
the IP turbine is divided equally between the two turbines passing through
quite large diameter rotors and blades. The steam expands through both of
the LP turbines by being drawn into the vacuum condenser.
Types of Hydraulic Turbines
Based on flow path
• Axial Flow Hydraulic Turbines: This category of Hydraulic Turbines has the
flow path of the liquid mainly parallel to the axis of rotation. Kaplan Turbines
has liquid flow mainly in axial direction.
• Radial Flow Hydraulic Turbines: Such Hydraulic Turbines has the liquid
flowing mainly in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation.
• Mixed Flow Hydraulic Turbines: For most of the Hydraulic Turbines used
there is a significant component of both axial and radial flows. Such types of
Hydraulic Turbines are called as Mixed Flow Turbines. Francis Turbine is an
example of mixed flow type, in Francis Turbine water enters in radial
direction and exits in axial direction.
Cont…
Based on Pressure Change
• Impulse Turbine: The pressure of liquid does not change while
flowing through the rotor of the machine. In Impulse Turbines
pressure change occur only in the nozzles of the machine. One such
example of impulse turbine is Pelton Wheel.
• Reaction Turbine: The pressure of liquid changes while it flows
through the rotor of the machine. The change in fluid velocity and
reduction in its pressure causes a reaction on the turbine blades; this
is where from the name Reaction Turbine may have been derived.
Francis and Kaplan Turbines fall in the category of Reaction Turbines.