Professional Documents
Culture Documents
07 Social Issues
07 Social Issues
a) Marriage and the Family i. OFWs and their effects on the family
i. Nature of Marriage a) Social Values and Social
ii. Nature of Family Conscience
iii. Basic functions of the Family i. Meaning of values
iv. Changes in the Family ii. Importance of the study of values
v. Resulting changes in the family due to iii. Classification of values
rapid changes in the new millennium
iv. Identification of values operative in a
b) Family Disorganization society
i. Forms of family disorganization v. Re-examining the Philippine Values
ii. Marital conflict System
iii. Family violence b) Human Rights
iv. Alternate family forms i. History of Human Rights
v. Child abuse ii. Human rights and the rights of the
vi. Illegitimacy society
iii. Types and components of HR
iv. General forms of HR violations
v. Legal and Peace documents
A. MARRIAGE AND THE
FAMILY
What is family?
- “basic social institution, from which the others
have grown as increasing cultural complexity made
them necessary” (Horton & Hurton, 1984)
- Marriage is a connected factor of the family.
-Family became a product of marriage since the
natural consequences of marital relations is the
birth and care of children.
institution admitting a man
and woman to family life, that
is, to living in the intimate
NATURE OF MARRIAGE personal relations of husband
and wife for the primary
purpose of begetting and
rearing children
Forms of Marriage
Monogamy – refers to the marriage of one male to one female
at any given time.
Family
VARIATIONS FROM CULTURE
TO CULTURE
1. VARIATIONS IN THE SELECTION OF RESIDENCE
A. Matrilocal system – married couples is required to take up
residence with the bride’s parents.
B. Patrilocal system – married couples reside in the groom’s
home.
C. Neolocal – married couples sets up residence apart from the
family of either bride or groom.
2. VARIATIONS IN TRACING DESCENT
A. Matrilineal descent – requires the children to trace their
family line to the mother and mother’s kin.
B. Patrilineal descent – descent is traced through the father
and kinship relations.
3. Variations in the locality of authority
2 Types of Family
a. Equalitarian Family – husband and wife both exercise almost
equal authority over the children. Such equality of authority
and responsibility is prevalent among families where both
father and mother work outside home.
b. Matricentric Family – the mother is the center of the family.
This dominance is largely the result of the father’s commuting to
the downtown area of work. Most of the time and throughout the day
the mother organizes the activities at home.
4. The composition of the family
Type of the family:
a. Extended family – head of the family may be the oldest male with
the highest statues. As head, he has the final authority; however he may
transfer his power and authority to the oldest son because of his physical
disability or by virtue of the son’s personality, ability or achievement.
- referred as “consanguineal family” – which emphasizes
importance of blood relations (kinship)
b. Nuclear family – composed of the father, mother and their
children.
- also referred to as the “conjugal family”
5. Variation due to origin
2 types of families:
a. family of orientation – family into which he is born and
reared.
b. family of procreation – family which he begets children
and has the responsibilities of providing for them.
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE
1.
FAMILY
biological function – concerned with the regulation of sexual
behavior and reproduction. Within the family, sex is controlled and
regulated. “incest taboo” is universal. Cultural controls are defined for
the welfare of the family; restrictions on sex behavior.
2. Affectional function – family promotes companionship and provides
a mutual expression of affection and response.
3.Socialization function – family is the most effective factor in the
association of the individual. It is in the intimate relationship within the
family that the young develop their personality and acquire the bases of
understanding what is right and wrong.
4. Status function – the child acquires the social status of his family.
The family into which one is born has already acquired a “social position”
in the community, based on the quality of behavior and participation in
BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE
5.
FAMILY
Economic function – everyone wants security. Children are
dependent on their parents for support until they acquire a means of
livelihood that is adequate for their needs.
6. Recreational function – the play and recreational life of the child is
largely home- oriented, as he grows up, the neighborhood, the school,
the peer group, and the commercial outlets compete for his leisure-
time activities.
7. Social Control function – family relationships are not free of social
controls. Pressures are exerted upon the members to conform to certain
standards or norms of behavior. Family regulates social contacts and
experiences of the young. Usually the presence of a hierarchy of
authority based on the age places responsibility for disciplining the
children on the whole family.
CHANGES IN THE FAMILY
1. Industrialization – brought about 3 consequences which are significant
of the family (Anderson & Baker 1964:165-166)
a. the factory system dispersed the employment of family members and
thus broke up family as a working unit.
b. the money basis of operation, through which each worker received his
own wages, tended to support individualism.
c. the enormous increases in the number and variety of available jobs
released women from their dependence of men.
2. Urbanization – when a large number of people live in close proximity, a
certain degree of homogeneity in the value and experience of those people
occur. The impersonality and anonymity characteristics of urban life tend to
change old norms and standards, which in turn bring about changes in family
norms.
CHANGES IN THE FAMILY
3. Democratic Ideals – ideas of freedom and equality of opportunity
supplanted the traditional autocratic doctrines of individual or class
privilege. The democratic way of life found acceptance and the concept
of paternal authority and the submission of women and children ahs to
give way to more equalitarian practices. Social movements like,
Women’s Liberation Movement, have produced rapid change in the family
outlook.
4. Religious views – the religious attitude toward sex and the family has
undergone change. Today, companionship and sex expression are
recognized as a basic purpose of marriage together with the bringing up
and rearing of children.
RAPID CHANGES IN THE
NEW MILLENNIUM
1. Economic Changes
2. More Democratic relationship
3. Changes in Recreational Activities
4. Changes in Kinship Relationships
FAMILY DISORGANIZATION
-separation, annulment, desertion and divorce may bring about the break-up of
families.
-the ideal expectation of society is that marriage and family will endure until
death of one of the spouses, however, certain circumstances may lead to
maladjustments in marital relations and the only solution acceptable is the
breakup of the marriage and the family.
Desertion – one of the partners to the marriage deliberately severs his ties and
leaves his family.
Separation – is the result of desertion, it breaks up the marriage relations
partially, although the marriage remains in force.
Annulment – is the process which makes the marriage contract null and void,
decides that there was no marriage contract at all.
FORMS 0F FAMILY
DISORGANIZATION
1. The Empty-Shell Family – the members of the family no longer feel
satisfying emotional relations with each other but for some reason the
husband and wife do not separate or divorce.
Annulment, Separation. Divorce, Desertion
2. Marital Conflict: Filipino Family
Conflict - may refer to situations where there are discrepancies between
the role expectations and role behavior of family members in relation to one
another. It may be temporary or permanent.
1. Situational Conflicts – ex. Whether they will go to the movies or visit
friends
2. Personality Conflicts – ex. A constantly nagging wife or a meticulous,
exacting husband.
3. Structural Conflict - ex. The decision-making functions, such as the
expenditure of money and the discipline of children.
FAMILY VIOLENCE
Family violence may be seen in beatings, choking, severe spanking, stabbing or
even killing.
Violence between husband & wife – most common forms of family violence.
Violence is a pervasive features of our society, it occurs in all level of society.
Murray Straus – a sociologist who contends that as one’s level of verbal
aggression increase drastically violence may occur.
SOCIOLOGICAL
EXPLANATION OF
1. Resource theory of William J. Goode
VIOLENCE
-violence will be used to achieve the desired goal.
ex. They may desire to get money, love, respect and status.
2. Culture of Violence Theory
- violence among the poor is a way of life.
3. Frustration – Aggression Theory
- violence is an outcome of frustrating life experience. Ex. A father who
is unemployed and unskilled lower – class member may react violently to
the misbehavior of children.
4. Victim – Precipitated Violence
- this theory asserts that the victim encourages his own physical
abuse. A typical situation may arise from an argument over unreasonable
ALTERNATE FAMILY FORMS
1. Swinging – husband and wife swap sexual partners with another couple.
These individuals look at traditional marriage as very restrictive in terms of sexual
freedom.
2. Cohabitation – here an unmarried man and woman live together and share a
personal and sexual relationship
3. Commune family
2 types
A. Several monogamous couples with their children live in the same house
and share common facilities, resources and experiences, socializing the children
is the task of the whole group.
B. Group marriage. Where all individuals are “married” to each other and are
“parents” to the children. In reality this form is rare to found.
ALTERNATE FAMILY FORMS
4. Open marriage – this form was advocated by Nena and George O’Neil. They
proposed that married couples should have sexual equality.
5. Dual-career marriage – this is a dual-breadwinner nuclear family. Here both
husband wife pursue their careers and treat each other as companions and equal.
They share the job of household cleaning, buying foods and child core. Their goal
is to increase family income but the demands of their work can take serious effect
on the home and their social lives.
6. Second-career family – here the wife takes a job or attend college when the
children begin school or after they have left home permanently.
CHILD ABUSE
Is a phenomenon that has existed for a very long time but
its concept is virtually unknown to many.
(Marsden and Wrench 1997) proposed that child abuse
refers to a “deliberate attack against a child resulting in
physical injury perpetrated by any person exercising his
responsibility as a caretake: (Gil: 1977: 201)
(Goade: 1971: 47) suggests that violence which is the use
of physical force and child abuse is considered by society as
unsanctioned abuse.
CHILD ABUSE
What is the profile of a child abuser?
(Psychologists) a child abuser as an individual who is mentally ill
or has some emotional problems.
(Social Scientists) believe that the stress and tension of the
surroundings are the most important causes of child abuse.
(Evidence) do not come only from the abnormal group of
individuals, there are numerous instances where parents are well
educated and middle class citizens who commit abusive behavior
against the child.
In the Philippines, child prostitution is a serious and growing
national problem.
6 TYPES OF CAUSAL
CONTEXT THAT MAY
PERPETUATE PHYSICAL
ABUSE OF CHILDREN
1. The parents psychological rejection of the child as a
person; they may not like the child’s face, capacities or
circumstances of birth;
2. The so-called male-perpetrated abuse. This occurs when the
mother is temporarily not at home. The husband may satisfy his
sadistic or sexual desire and consequently inflict injury on the child.
3. Mental or emotional stress such as unemployment.
4. The child-initiated or child-originated abuse. This usually
provoked by a very active, annoying misbehaving child;
5. Female babysitter abuse. This occurs when the mother is
absent;
6. The result of a quarrel between their father and mother.
ILLEGITIMACY
(Bronislaw Malinowski) asserts that every society has a rule that
“each child must have a legitimate father to act as a guide and
protector”
Illegitimacy is condemned because it is an evidence of sexual
relations outside of marriage.
Occurs primarily in lower class families, which are considered
unstable families.
Today, where young people have more sexual freedom, the
incidence of teenage pregnancy accounts for almost 80% of
illegitimate births.
Illegitimacy today is considered not just a personal problem but a
social problem because it creates in society the presence of one-
2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF
CHILDREN- LEGITIMATE &
ILLEGITIMATE
In order to protect the child born out of wedlock, illegitimate
children are given certain rights such as:
1. The right to use the surname of the father;
2. The right to support from the father;
3. The right to one half (1/2) legitime of the legitimate child, and
ther sucsessional rights (intestate succession)
The “rise in illegitimacy is a consequence of changing sex norms
and values” (Medina 1991:284)
THE OFW’S AND THEIR
EFFECTS OF THE FAMILY
The Philippines remains the most important Asian source of
Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs). Philippines is the best source of
domestic helpers in number and quality.
The major destination are the Middle East, Hong Kong and
Singapore.
(December 1999) the POEA reported 755.684 OFWs who are
deployed to 182 nations.
The absence of either the father or mother, usually results in
disaster for the members of the family.
SOCIAL VALUES AND SOCIAL
CONSCIENCE
What are Values?
Are cognitive units that are used in assessment o behavior along
the dimensions of good or bad, appropriate or inappropriate, and
right or wrong.
They provide the framework with which judgments are made.
They give purpose and direction to the lives of the people.
If values are clear, consistent and well-chosen, people tend to live
in a meaningful and satisfying way.
May be defined as those standards to which a group of society
judges the desirability and importance of persons, ideas, actions or
objects.
CLASSIFICATION OF VALUES -
MCKINNEY, 1980:205-208
Health
LIF Own Property
E
Form Trade Unions/to
Strike
Rest & Leisure
Social Security
Move freely within the
country
To leave and return freely
Marry
Establish a family
Exercise Rights of Parents
TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND ITS COMPONENTS
RIGHTS OF MAN
SURVIV Peace
AL Non-aggression
Share international trade with just price for
products
TYPES OF HUMAN RIGHTS
AND ITS COMPONENTS
RIGHTS OF THE PEOPLE
ZYRA PADIANGAN
SOCIAL STUDIES 2