Chapter IV: GraFT and

Corruption
Prepared by: Lilibeth Bumalin
 CORRUPTION

 It is a broad set of behaviours based around the

dishonesty or unethical conduct of a person in
authority.

GRAFT
* It is a specific type of political corruption where a
politician uses her authority for personal gain.
 NATURE OF BUREAURACY
 Bureaucracy:
 comes from the French word bureau- desk or office
and Greek word kratos-rule or political power
 an administration of government through
departments and subdivisions managed by set of
officials following inflexible routine.
 An administrative policy-making group
 A formal structure, which organizes and coordinates
the various functions of large number of individuals
engaged in a common activity.
Why do we need bureaucratic organization?

 To promote efficiency for specialization and

division of labor
 Enable for the worker to perform their tasks
efficiently
 Master the nature of their job and make it as
part of their individuality
 Good coordination within the low and high
level of administrative talent
 Features of Philippine Bureaucracy
1. Technical and administrative expertise. They are
promoted according to merit
2. Recruitment of the government is through CSE,
eligibility for graduates and under graduates through
their specialized degree and board examinations.
3. Administration rule through limitation of authority
4. Jurisdiction in the area of responsibility
5. Bureaucratic authority is based on conformity to rules,
correct procedures and rationally legal contrast to
traditional or charismatic authority
6. Security of tenure in the government
7. Classification of employees in the government:
 Casual-rank and file positions of a 6 months and no CS
eligibility
 Temporary-technical expertise in temporary basis but
their status can be changed through civil service
eligibility and vacating of certain position through
promotion, resignation, transfer, retirement or death.
 Contractual – highly technical or specialized knowledge
(1-3 yrs or more) it depends on the necessity of position
and exigency of the job
Problems in Philippine Bureaucracy

 Red tape – unreasonable delay in government transactions as

cause by either one or a consideration of the following:
 Weak policy making program implementation
 Technocism or over conformity of officials that pursue
ritualistic adherence to established procedural or legal rules
 Over organization which involves shuffling of papers in too
many units of processing, copious paper work and
documentation
 Misapplication if rules, policy or procedures
 Deliberate attempts by bureaucrats to impose
requirements for as to have an opportunity of graft and
corruption
 Nepotism – the practice of hiring relatives and
appointing them to a certain position in the
government
 Political spoils or patronage system – system using
public offices or positions to record one’s
contribution to total public efforts (e.g no bid
contract)
 Graft and corruption – a person is considered
corrupt if he accepts money in the performance of
his duty.
GRAFT AND CORRUPTION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 In 1988 , graft and corruption in the Philippines was
considered as the “ biggest problem of all” by Jaime
Cardinal Sin, the Archbishop of Manila.
 In 1989, public perception was that “corrupt government
officials are greater threat to the country” than the
communist guerrillas.
 In 1992, President V. Ramos considered as the third major
hindrance towards attaining his development strategy for
the country.
 In 1998, the country got a good marks from Transparency
International and the Political and Economic Risk
Consultancy (PERC), LTD.
 The Philippines the place 6th out of the 11 Asian
countries under the PERC corruption perception
Index (CPI), a measure of lost development
opportunities in terms of investments.
 However, while the anti- corruption landscape in the
Philippines has improved, its low score of 6.5 still
placed the Philippines as highly prone to corruption.
 In general , national and international opinion depict
the Philippine as still corrupt and being unable to
effectively fight this problem.
 About 30% of the national budget is reportedly lost
to graft and corruption every year.
 Corruption is the inducement (as of public
official) by improper means (as bribery) to
violate duty (as by committing a felony) (Sage
English Dictionary)
 Graft is a form of corruption but is an individual
act. It is the illegal appropriation of public
resources by a single official or a group of
officials. It does not involve transactions among
officials or between officials with clients
SPECIFIC TYPES OF CORRUPTION IN
THE PHILIPPINES
1. TAX EVATION- very rampant particularly in the
private sector due to the refusal of those engaged
in private businesses to honestly declare their
annual income and to pay the corresponding taxes
to the government.
2. GHOST PROJECTS AND PAYROLLS- done by high
officials of the government whereby non-existing
projects are financed by the government while non-
existing personnel are being paid salaries and
allowances.
3. EVASION OF PUBLIC BIDDING IN THE AWARDING OF
CONTRACTS- Government offices, particularly Bids & Awards
Committees (BAC) forego the awarding of contracts through
public bidding or award these contracts to favored business
enterprises or contractors.
4. PASSING OF CONTRACTS- in the construction of
infrastructure projects, constructors have the practice of
passing the work from contractor to another.
5. NEPOTISM AND FAVORITISM- government officials with
highly positions tend to cause the appointment or
employment of relatives and close friends.
6. EXORTION- done by the government officials against their
clients by demanding money, valuable items, or services from
ordinary citizens who transact business with them or their
office.
7. “TONG” OR PROJECTION MONEY- form of Bribery
which is done by citizens performing illegal activities
and operations.

8. “LAGAY” SYSTEM OR BRIBERY- the “lagay” syatem

or the act of citizens to bribe government officials
occupying sensitive positions in government is
perpetuated due to bureaucratic red tape.
 NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
CORRUPTION

1. Graft and corruption decreases respect for

allegiance to the government. It counteracts
growth of nationalism. It distracts unity in
government leadership and endangers
political stability.
2. Corruption dislocates national economic
planning. It introduces an element of
irrationality in plan fulfillment by influencing
negatively the actual course of a national
development plan.
 NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF
CORRUPTION

3. Corruption accentuates already existing inequalities by

providing more power and opportunities to those who are
already.
4. Corruption causes wasteful dissipation of limited
resources by increasing the cost of development because
funds are channeled outside the government to private
pockets.
5. The cost of corruption is eventually passed on to the
public and becomes a form of taxation. Whatever amount
is illegally channeled to private use, the people shoulder
the cost because public funds are the people’s money.
 POSITIVE EFFECTS OF
CORRUPTION
1. Corruption provides supplement mechanism for
investment purposes. Corruption money may be
invested in private enterprises if not kept in Swiss
banks for personal purposes.
2. Corruption may increase the effectiveness level of the
bureaucracy.
3. Corruption money could be another form of
inducement for able persons to enter government
services.
4. Corruption may benefit the depressed sector in the
form of gainful employment as in nepotism.
 PREVENTIVE MEASURES
1. Article II State Policies Sec 27 of the 1986 constitution:
The senate shall maintain honesty and integrity in the
public service and take positive and effective measures
against graft and corruption.
2. The office of the Ombudsman is the official authorized
to receive and act on complaints against government
officials who misbehaved.
3. The anti-graft court is known as the Sandiganbayan and
Tanod bayan is also known as the Special Prosecutor.
4. The Congress of the Philippines has a “blue ribbon
commission” with the responsibility of investigating
anomalies in government in aid of legislation.
 CODE OF CONDUCT AND
ETHICAL STANDARDS

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3019

ANTI-GRAFT AND CORRUPT PRACTICES ACT
 

RA 3019. Anti-Graft and Corrupt Practices Act. IV. Republic Act No. 1379 - An Act
Declaring Forfeiture in Favor of the State Any Property Found To Have Been
Unlawfully Acquired By Any Public Officer or Employee and Providing for the
Proceedings Therefor. Republic Act No.

[REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6713] AN ACT ESTABLISHING A CODE OF CONDUCT AND ETHICAL
STANDARDS FOR PUBLIC OFFICIALS AND EMPLOYEES, TO UPHOLD THE TIME-
HONORED PRINCIPLE OF PUBLIC OFFICE BEING A PUBLIC TRUST, GRANTING
INCENTIVES AND REWARDS FOR EXEMPLARY SERVICE, ENUMERATING PROHIBITED
ACTS AND TRANSACTIONS AND PROVIDING PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS THEREOF
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
 Republic Act 6713 (The Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public
Officials and Employees) prohibits public officials and employees from
soliciting or accepting, directly or indirectly, any gift, gratuity, favour,
entertainment, loan or anything of monetary value from any person: (a) in
the course of their official duties; or (b) in connection with any operation
being regulated by, or any transaction which may be affected by, the
functions of their office.
 Presidential Decree No. 46 (Giving of Gifts on any Occasion) punishes the act
of giving, or offering to give, to a public official or employee, a gift, present
or other valuable thing on any occasion, including Christmas, when such gift,
present or other valuable thing is given by reason of the public
official/employee’s position, regardless of whether or not the same is for
past favour or the giver hopes or expects to receive a favour or better
treatment in the future from the public official or employee concerned, in
the discharge of his official functions. Included within the prohibition is the
throwing of parties or entertainment in honour of the public official or
employee, or of his immediate relatives.
 Republic Act 7080 (Plunder) penalizes a public officer who acquires ill-gotten
wealth in the total of at least PHP 50 million through overt or criminal acts.
 PROHIBITED ACTS AND
TRANSACTIONS
(as stated in the Code of Conducts and Ethical
Standards, under section 7), the following shall
constitute prohibited acts and transactions:
 Financial and material Interest.
 Outside employment and other activities
related thereto.
 Disclosure and/or misuse of confidential
information.
 Solicitation or acceptance of gifts.
 DRUGS
 A drug is any substance (with the
exception of food and water) which, when
taken into the body, alters the body’s
function either physically and/or
psychologically. Drugs may be legal (e.g.
alcohol, caffeine and tobacco) or illegal
(e.g. cannabis, ecstasy, cocaine and
heroin).
 Psychoactive drugs affect the central
nervous system and alter a person's mood,
thinking and behaviour. Psychoactive
drugs may be divided into four categories:
depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens and
'other'.
 GENERAL ORIENTATIONS OF
DRUGS
 Is a chemical substance that brings about
physical, emotional, or behavioral change in a
person taking it.
 Drugs are essential pain killers. They cover up
emotional and physical pain, providing the user
with temporary and illusionary escape from life.
 Metabolites are powerful source and reason for
craving. These drugs are so intense and
uncomfortable that is induces the addict to
commit acts such as stealing from one’s own
family in order to get the drug.
 NATURE OF DEPENDENCE
 Drug dependence is that it is a
condition resulting from
the prolonged and
usually intense consumption of a
drug or drugs which has resulted
in psychological and/or physiolo
gical dependence on drug
consumption.
 This dependence causes
significant problems in one or
more areas of the person’s life.
 A more specific and formal
definition of drug dependence can
be formulated using the Diagnostic
and Statistical Manual, 4th Edition,
of the American Psychiatric
Association, (DSM-IV, 1994).
THE TOP 10 MOST DANDEROUS
DRUGS
 The list of the commonly abused substances and
chemicals confirmed by the CDC and DEA.

1. Nicotine(Tobacco)
−it is an extremely lethal substance according to the
Centres for Disease Control and the most dangerous
drugs.
−it destroys the body’s vital organs, most commonly
the lungs an throat.
−sought out for its ability to produce relaxation.
2. Alcohol
−is a commonly abused substance sought out for its
ability to lower inhibitions.
−a depressants and can alter moods when
individuals are under the influence and craving alcohol.
−long term alcohol use can contribute to brain
damage, financial loss, poor memory, cancer, higher risk
of assault, irritability, alcohol withdrawal, and delirium
tremens.
3. Fentanyl
− drug that is a powerful pain reliever.
−highly addictive, a dangerous analgesic that can be
injected, snorted, swallowed, or blotted on paper.
4. Heroin
−highly addictive and popular for its fast acting
properties.
− commonly available in white powder form but
others are brown in color.
−street names for heroin include Big H, Black tar, Hell
Dust, Smack, and Thunder.
5. Cocaine
−is a stimulants that has gained popularity in the US
since 1970s.
−cocaine abuse can cause cardiac arrest, convulsion,
stroke and death.
6. Methadone
−is a Schedule II synthetic narcotic, first used during
World War II to treat pain.
−common symptoms of Methadone abuse include
sweating, itchiness, or feeling drowsy.
−can leads to constricted pupils, high blood pressure,
and loss of consciousness.
7.Oxycodone
−it is continue to be glamorized in popular culture for
their ability to temporarily create feelings of happiness,
reduce anxiety and cause relaxation.
 8. Morphine
−derived from the opium plant
− it is a narcotic that has high risk of abuse and has
been used in hospitals to aid in pain relief.
− it can be snorted, injected, or smoked.
−is commonly abused for its euphoric effects on the
mind and body, causing drowsinness and reduce anxiety
levels.
9. Methamphetamines (Meth)
−a stimulant, has fluctuated in popularity.
−has a distinct crystal-shape form and an extremely
high rate of addiction.
 −causes noticeable physical characteristics that can
be permanent it includes rapid weight loss, elated
moods, and extreme dental decay.
− abusing Meth can cause increased heart rate,
alertness, agitation, skin infections, and risk fatally
overdosing.
10. Xanax (Alprazolam)
−helps to treat anxiety
−its side effects are confusion, decreased heart rate
and comas.
 DRUG SCENARIO IN THE
PHILIPPINES

 Substance use and abuse is a growing problem in the

Philippines. According to the International Narcotics
Control Board(INCB), the Philippine is listed as one of
the countries in Southeast Asia where drug trafficking
is growing in numbers.
 In the Philippines, drug use and abuse is a social
health concern.
 Poverty has become an increasing cause for
involvement in the illegal drug trade. Foreign drug
syndicates take advantage and exploit the poor and
use promises of “ easy money” to entice the people
to serve as couriers and runners.
 According to the 2012 statistics available in the
Dangerous Drugs Board Website, the most common
type of substance of abuse among Filipinos are:
Metamphetamine Hydrochloride (shabu), Cannabis
(Marijuana), Inhalants (contact cements adhesive)
 FACTORS OF INFLUENCING
SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE

 Lack of parental supervision and support

 Strong peer pressure and curiosity
 Intense feeling of pleasure
 Relief from stress, anxiety and
depression
 Increased physical and cognitive
performance
 Family problems
 parents who always quarrel in front of the
children
 irresponsible parents who don’t have time for
their children
 Peer pressure/curiosity
 Bad influence by friends
 Work personality, desire to escape from reality
 Lack of self-confidence and inferiority complex
CAUSES OF DRUG ABUSE AND
DEPENDENCY

 The biological causes of drug addiction include each

person's unique physiology and genetics. People
differ in the degree to which they like or dislike a
particular addictive substance or activity. Some
people may enjoy a substance or activity so much that
it becomes very tempting and difficult to resist.
Another person would not experience this difficulty
because they do not experience a similar enjoyment.
 Psychology also helps us to understand the causes of
drug addiction. Addiction is a harmful behavior.
Psychological research has helped us to understand
why people repeat certain behaviors, even when
these behaviors are harmful. This is because people
learn to anticipate some benefit from the addiction
even though it is harmful. These benefits can range
from stress reduction, relief from boredom,
pleasurable sensations, coping with negative feelings
or situations, or simply the benefit of avoiding
withdrawal symptoms.
 Socio-cultural influences also contribute to the
development of drug addiction. For our purposes, the
term culture describes a group's learned and shared
pattern of values and beliefs. These values and beliefs
guide group members' behavior and their social
interact.
 Spirituality is another causal factor that can
determine whether an addiction develops and
flourishes. Spirituality reflects a belief that life has a
meaning and purpose. This definition is inclusive and
respectful. It includes the many different, specific
beliefs that people have about that meaning and
purpose.
PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST
DRUG USE AND ABUSE
DOMAIN YOU NEED WHAT
PERSONAL Self control, positive self image, and
strong self esteem
FAMILY Parental monitoring and support and
strong family
PEERS AND FRIENDS Academic competence and proper
selection of friends and
acquaintance
SCHOOL AND Effective laws and policies; strong
COMMUNITY community attachments
 Weapons to Combat Drug Menace

1. Responsible parents. Being a good parent can

prevent child from bad habits like using drugs and
many more. “in the eye of a child, what parents do
good or bad is always good”
2. Mass media. An integral part of any success effort
aimed at reducing the demand, supply, production
and trafficking in illicit drugs must include and
intensive public information campaign targeting
people of all ages and backgrounds. Televisions,
radio and print media as well as educational
institutions and community groups, have joined the
campaigns to promote a “drug free” world.
 Weapons to Combat Drug Menace

3.Drug abuse awareness and education.

Prevention programs provide a basis for
teaching young people to develop healthy
behavioral patterns that do not include drug
taking. Drug abuse education should be fully
integrated into public and private, religious or
secular, school curricula, with emphasis on
the destructive effects of drug use.
4.Treatment programs. Treatment programs
like social counselling can help individual user
to live without drugs.
ALTERNATIVES FOR DRUG USE
OR ABUSE
 RA No. 6675 – an act to promote, require and ensure
the supply, distribution, use and acceptance of drugs
and medicines identified by their generic names.

 Generic names- identification of drugs with

scientifically and internationally recognized active
ingredients.

 Brand names – propriety name given by manufacturer

GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS ON
DRUG ABUSE
 Republic Act No. 9165 – Comprehensive Dangerous
Drugs Act of 2002
 Prohibited Acts:
 Sell administer, deliverer or distribution and
transfer of prohibited drugs
 Importation of prohibited drugs
 Den or drive
 Employees or visitors of dens
 Manufacture
 Use and possession
 Culture of plants
 REFERENCES:
 https://www.gracepointwellness.org/1409-drug-addiction/article/58683-what-causes-drug-ad
diction

 http://www.psychologymatters.asia/common_mental_illness/8/drug-dependence.
 html
https://drugaware.com.au/getting-the-facts/faqs-ask-a-question/what-are-drugs/#what-is-a-dr
ug