PREPOSITION AND PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE,

CONJUNCTION, SENTENCES,
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH,
AND PUNCTUATION

Azka Amalina
1175030050
 PREPOSITION AND
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
Prepositions are words that show a connection between other words. It usually
stand in front of nouns.

Water was running down the walls.

PREP NOUN
 maps
PREPOSITION OF PLACE PREPOSITION OF TIME

PREPOSITION OF DIRECTION PREPOSITION WITH SPECIAL USE

PREPOSITION WITH ADJ, VERBS, OR NOUN

Preposition • Sally was sitting under tree.
• Some gees flew over their house.
of Place • One girl sits in the middle of the playground
and the others dance round her.

SHOW WHERE
SOMETHING HAPPENS
Preposition • I’ll do my homework before dinner.
• We’re going to the zoo on Saturday.
of Time • I visited my grandparents during the
summer.

SHOW WHEn SOMETHING

HAPPENS
Preposition • A girl went past them on a bike.
• We were travelling towards Miami.
of Direction • This roads leads away from the stadium.

SHOW WHEre
SOMETHING is going
 Preposition • A girl went past them on a bike.

with • We were travelling towards Miami.

• This roads leads away from the stadium.

Special Uses
 • Kathleen is a member of the chess club.
• She painted the picture with her new paints.

Preposition • I like all kinds of food except pasta.

• We could watch TV instead of reading our
with books.
• Peter sings like a professional singer.
Special Uses • Sue is nearly as tall as the teacher.
• Are these shoes the same as those?
• My backpack is bigger than John’s.
Preposition • Dad was angry with us.
• John very good at drawing
with Verbs, • I’m looking for my pencil.

Noun, or • Cut the cake into five pieces.

• What’s the answer to this question?
Adjective • Here’s an example of good behaviour.
 CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are words used to link words, phrases, or clauses

AND OR BUT

Used to talk Used to link

Used to link about choices. words that are
words that Often used with different and
not and other don’t normally
are similar. negative words. go together.
 maps
CONJUNCTIONS LINKING PHRASE OTHER WORDS FOR AND, BUT, OR

CONJUNCTIONS OF TIME CONJUNCTIONS OF PURPOSE

CONJUNCTIONS OF PLACE CONJUNCTIONS OF REASON

CONJUNCTIONS THAT JOIN SENTENCES CONJUNCTIONS WITH LISTS

 AND

• We like going shopping and visiting museums.

• I tell my parents and my best friends all of my secrets.

Conjunction BUT

• The car is very old but still very reliable.

Linking • The weather was very sunny but rather cold.

Phrase OR
• Is it quicker to go by train or by car?
• You could call it a thin book or a thick magazine.
 AND

Conjunction • We bought milk, eggs, cheese, and butter.

• My favorite teachers are Mr. Lee, Mrs. Carter, and Mr. Park

with OR

Lists • People travel to work by car, bus, or train.

• I haven’t eaten breakfast, lunch, or dinner
 AND

• Sam is playing football. Eric is reading a book.

• Sam is playing football and Eric is reading a book.

Conjunction BUT

• Meera phoned her friend Anna. She wasn’t at home

That Join • Meera phoned her friend Anna, but she wasn’t at home.

Sentences OR

• Hurry up! You’ll be late for school

• Hurry up or you’ll be late for school!
 AND

• Sam ran faster than Kim. He ran faster that David too.
• Sam ran faster than both Kim and David

BUT
Other • Grandpa is old but very fit

Words • Although grandpa is old, he’s very fit

OR
• The movie wasn’t funny. It wasn’t interesting
• The movie was neither funny nor interesting
 BEFORE
• Take the toy out of the box before you throw the box away.

AFTER
• After I went to bed, I heard a strange noise downstairs.

Conjunction
SINCE
• We’ve moved to a new house since I last wrote you.

UNTIL
of Time • Until the rice is cooked, we can’t eat dinner.

WHEN
• I’ll call you when I get home.

WHILE
Used to say when • While we’re waiting for the bus, let’s play a game.
something happens
AS
• People stand back as the train goes through the station.
AS SOON AS
• As soon as you’ve finished your homework, let me see it.
Conjunction WHERE
• Does anybody know where Mr Carter lives?

of Place
• Where the road is narrow, big trucks can’t get through

WHEREVER
• Wherever there are mountains, you will also find streams.
• The digs follow Andrew wherever he goes.
Used to TALK ABOUT
PLACES
 BECAUSE

Conjunction
• Because we arrived late, we missed the beginning of the play

SINCE

of Reason • I took an apple since it was the only fruit in the bowl.

AS
• As you’re my best friend, I’ll lend you my new bike,
Used to tell why someone
does something IN CASE
• Take an umbrella in case it rains.
 SO
• The children are wearing hats so they won’t get sunburned.

Conjunction • Let’s write the address so we don’t forget it.

of Purpose
SO THAT
• We left early so that we wouldn’t be late.
• I hid comics under the bed so that nobody could find them.

IN ORDER TO
Used to tell what purpose
of something is • She gies jogging every morning in order to keep fit.
• In order to get to sleep, he reads a really boring book at
bedtime
 SENTENCES
Group of words that express a complete thought. Sentences always
have a subject and a verb
 maps
KINDS OF SENTENCE TRANSITIVE & INTRANSITIVE VERB

SIMPLE SENTENCES COMPOUND SENTENCES

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES POSITIVE & NEGATIVE SENTENCES

QUESTIONS QUESTIONS TAGS

 DECLARATIVE makes a statement
• It is raining.
• Tom likes football.

INTERROGATIVE asks a question

Kinds of
• Where are my keys?
• Why is the sky blue?

Sentences
EXCLAMATORY makes a very strong statement

• Where are my keys?

• Why is the sky blue?

IMPERATIVE gives an order

• Where are my keys?
• Why is the sky blue?
 Transitive
Intransitive
Verb
• Dad is reading a newspaper
• The cat licked itself

• I don’t know
Transitive verb is a verb • The man smiled
that has an object

Intransitive verb is a verb

that doesn’t have a verb
 Simple
Sentences • The girls are playing ludo.
• I was so nervous about my result.
• She wears high heel shoes
A sentences that consists
of one clause

A clause is a group of
words that contain one
subject and one verb
Compound • She opened the bag and took out a book

Sentences • Do you want coffee or would you prefer lemonade?

• Michael wants to see Star Wars but his friends have
already seen it.
• It started to rain so we went inside.
A sentence that contains
two clause joined by a
conjunction
Conditional I will take an umbrella if it rains.

Sentences MAIN CLAUSE IF-CLAUSE

If it rains, I will take an umbrella

A sentence used to talk
about things that are
possible MAIN CLAUSE

‘IF’ IS OFTEN USED IN

THIS SENTENCE
 FUTURE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES / // TYPE 1
If It is possible and also very likely that the condition will be fulfilled.
If + Simple Present, will-Future

Conditional • If she asks me, i will help her.

PRESENT CONDITIONAL SENTENCES/ // TYPE 2

Sentences It is possible but very unlikely that the condition will be fulfilled.
if + Simple Past, Conditional I (= would + Infinitive)
• If i got much money, i would.
• If i weren’t busy, i would come.
A sentence used to talk
about things that are PRESENT CONDITIONAL SENTENCES/ // TYPE 3
possible It is impossible that the condition will be fulfilled because it refers to
the past.
‘IF’ IS OFTEN USED IN
THIS SENTENCE if + Past Perfect, Conditional II (= would + have + Past Participle)

• If she had study hard before, she would have passed

the examination.
 POSITIVE SENTENCE

Positive
Tells about something exists or something that is happening
• I like ice cream
• There’s cartoon on TV

Negative NEGATIVE SENTENCE

Sentences
Tells about something doesn’t exists or something that isn’t
happening

• I’m not very good at math

• I haven’t a pencil
 YES OR NO QUESTIONS
If the main verb of the sentence is "to be", simply invert the
subject and the verb to be
• They are American.
• Are they American?
If the sentence includes a main verb and another or other helping
(auxiliary) verb(s), invert the subject and the (first) helping (auxiliary)
verb.

Questions
• He will be reading the book.
• Will he be reading the book?
If the verb is in the present tense, add either do or does and
put the main verb in its base form
• I like apples. — Do you like apples?
• Nancy reads a lot. — Does Nancy read a lot?
If the verb is in the past tense, add did and put the main verb
in its base form
• They did the homework.
• Did they do the homework?
 QUESTION WORD QUESTIONS
Question words (what, which, who, whom, whose, when, where, and
how) are used to ask for information.
•Where do you live?
•Who are you?
•When do you get up?
•What is this?
•Why do you smoke?
•Whose book is this?
•Which bus do you take to school?
•How old are you?
•With whom will I speak?

Questions
 If the main part of the sentence is positive, the question tag is
negative.
• He’s a doctor, isn’t he?
If the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag
is positive

Question • You haven’t met him, have you?

If there is auxiliary verb in the main part of sentence, the
question tag uses the same auxiliary verb.

Tags • They’ve gone away for a few days, haven’t they?

If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary
verb, the question tag uses an appropriate form of ‘do’.
the short questions that
• She eats meat, doesn’t she?
we put on the end of If there is a modal verb in the main part of the sentence the
sentences question tag uses the same modal verb.
• They couldn’t hear me, could they?
Be careful with question tags with sentences that start ‘I am’.
The question tag for ‘I am’ is ‘aren’t I?’
• I’m the fastest, aren’t I?
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech is the exact words that someone says.

She said, “I’m listening to music”

REPORTING VERB REPORTED VERB

Indirect speech is the unexact words that used to report what someone says.

She said that she was listening to music

 maps
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT COMMANDS

INDIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT QUESTIONS

 RULES

There is a comma between reporting verb and reported verb

The reported speech is placed between quotation marks (" ")

Direct EXAMPLES

Speech
• She says, "What time will you be home?”
• "There's a fly in my soup!" screamed Simone.
• He answered, “Yes I am ill.”
• Irine asked, “Do you know where Anis lives?”
 RULES
Reporting verb and reported verb are connected by conjunction
• She said that she was listening to music

Quotation marks (" ") aren’t used

Change in tense of the reported speech

• She said, “I’m watching movie.”

Indirect • She said that she was watching movie.

Changes in pronoun

Speech • He said, “I eat two apples.”

• He said that he ate two apples.

Changes in time
• She said, “I’m buying laptop today.”
• She said that se was buying laptop that day.
 EXAMPLES
• Hana says, “I will go with you.”
• Hana says that she will go with me.

Indirect • She said, “I will be a doctor next day.”

• She said that she would be a doctor the following year

Speech • He said, “Fire is hot.”

• He said that fire is hot.
 EXAMPLES

• The teacher said, “Stop running in the corridor!”

Indirect
• The teacher ordered us to stop running in the corridor

• Miss Lee said to Alan, “Don’t be late again tomorrow.”

Commands • Miss Lee warned Alan not to be late again the next day
 RULES
Put the subject before the verb or helping verb. The subject
comes after the helping verb.
• Where are they going?

Indirect
• I asked where they were going.
To report a question-word questions, use the same question
word in direct speech.

Questions •
•
Peter said, “Why did you leave before the end of the movie?”
Peter asked why i left before the end of the movie.

To report yes or no questions, use if or whether after the verb

• Alice said, “Can you help us?”
• Alice asked whether i could help them.
 Punctuation
Punctuation is used to create sense, clarity and stress in sentences. It
also structure and organise your writing.
maps
PUNCTUATION MARKS

CAPITAL LETTER
 PERIOD (.)
• Tim lent me his skateboard

COMMA (,)
• You need paper, scissors, and glue.
• No, It’s stopped.
• Goodbye, Andrew

Punctuation •
•
Could you pass me that pencil, please?
I’ve had enough cupcake, thank you.

Marks
• Tower Bridge, London

QUESTION MARK (?)

• Can you hear me, children?

Exclamation POINT (!)

• How sad!
• Sit down!
• Hurray!
 APOSTROPHE (‘)
• The teacher collects everyone’s books at the end of the class.
• She’s my best friend.

QUOTATION MARKS (“ “)

Punctuation •
•
“This bike is mine,” said Susan
“Don’t do that!” said Mom

Marks COLON (:)

• Jack: What have you got in the bag?
 • Dogs have wet noses
• “Where is my ball?” Tom asked
• Do you know what I got for my birthday?
•

Capital
Jakarta
• Taj Mahal
• J.K. Rowling

Letters •
•
Monday
Independence Day
• The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes