Electricity Transmission

Bhagwan Mahavir College Of Architecture • Vishwajit Chauhan 09

• Chintan Kava 10
• Mitul Gaywala 24
• Abhishek Jariwala 32
Guided by- Ar.Viren • Meet Jariwala 33
Mahida • Komal Jethwa 35
Ar. Nirav k. • Nishtha Lakdawala 38
• Ayushi Chapatwala 14-10
• Yuvrajsinh Gohil 14-22
• Riya Kataria 14-39
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
TERMINOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION

TYPES OF
CURRENT

DIRECT CURRENT

ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT

TRANSFORMER

SUB STATION
• Power distribution System is used To Distribute the electric power
among the costumer.
LT PANEL ROOM
• Electric power distribution is the final stage in
the delivery of electric power.
• it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual
consumers.
INTRODUCTION
Terminologies
• Feeders:
TERMONOLOGIES

A feeder is a conductor which connects the substation to the area

DISTRIBUTION
where power is to be distributed.
• Distributer:
TYPES OF
CURRENT A distributer is a conductor from which electricity are taken for
supply to the consumer.
DIRECT CURRENT • Service Main:
ALTERNATIVE
A service mains is generally a small cable which connects the
CURRENT
distributer to the consumer terminal.

TRANSFORMER

SUB STATION

LT PANEL ROOM
INTRODUCTION
Power Plants
TERMONOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION
• A power plant contains large machines
called turbines, which are turned very quickly.
TYPES OF • Power plant need large amounts of
CURRENT
energy to turn the turbines. Most use
heat energy produced from burning coal. Others
DIRECT CURRENT
use wind energy or moving water.
• The spinning turbine causes large magnets to
ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT turn within wire coils - these are the generators.
• The moving magnets within
TRANSFORMER
the coil of wire causes the
electrons (charged particles) to
SUB STATION
move within the coil of wire.
This is electricity.
LT PANEL ROOM
 The Transmission Substation
INTRODUCTION

TERMONOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION

TYPES OF
CURRENT

DIRECT CURRENT

ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT

• The three-phase power leaves the generator and enters a

TRANSFORMER transmission substation at the power plant.
• This substation uses large transformers to convert or "step up" the
SUB STATION generator's voltage to extremely high voltages for long-distance
transmission on the transmission grid.
LT PANEL ROOM • Typical voltages for long distance transmission are in the range of
155,000 to 765,000 volts. The higher the voltage, the less energy is
lost due to resistance
INTRODUCTION

TERMONOLOGIES
High voltage transmission lines
DISTRIBUTION

TYPES OF
CURRENT

DIRECT CURRENT

ALTERNATIVE

• High-voltage transmission lines are used to transmit electric power

CURRENT

over relatively long distances, usually from a central generating

TRANSFORMER
station to main substations.
• They are also used for electric power transmission from one
SUB STATION
central station to another for load sharing.
• High voltage (HV) transmission lines are made of high voltage
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(between 138 and 765 kilovolts) overhead and underground
conducting lines of either copper or aluminum.
INTRODUCTION

power substation
TERMONOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION not all substations have all these

functions:
TYPES OF
CURRENT
• Change voltage from one level
to another.
DIRECT CURRENT
• Regulate voltage to compensate
for system voltage changes
ALTERNATIVE
• Switch transmission and
CURRENT
distribution circuits into and
out of the grid system
TRANSFORMER
• Measure electric power qualities flowing in the circuits
• Connect communication signals to the circuits
SUB STATION • Connect electric generation plants to the system 
• Make interconnections between the electric systems of more than one utility
LT PANEL ROOM • Control reactive kilovolt-amperes supplied to and the flow of reactive
kilovolt-amperes in the circuits
 Transformer and power poles
INTRODUCTION

TERMONOLOGIES

What is transformer ?
DISTRIBUTION • A transformer is an electrical device that transfers energy between two
or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying
TYPES OF
CURRENT
current in the transformer's primary winding creates a varying magnetic
flux in the core and a varying magnetic field impinging on the secondary
DIRECT CURRENT
• A distribution transformer or service transformer is a transformer that
winding.
provides the final voltage transformation in the electric power
ALTERNATIVE
distribution system, stepping down the voltage used in the
CURRENT
distribution lines to the level used by the customer.
TRANSFORMER

SUB STATION

LT PANEL ROOM
INTRODUCTION

TERMONOLOGIES
Distribution
System
DISTRIBUTION

TYPES
TYPES OF
OF
CURRENT
CURRENT

DC AC
DIRECT CURRENT Distribution Distribution
System System
ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT

TRANSFORMER

A)2-wire DC A)Primary B)Secondary

B)3-wire DC
system Distribution Distribution
SUB STATION
system
System System
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INTRODUCTION

DC Distribution System
TERMONOLOGIES • D.C. supply is required for the operation of variable speed machinery,
for electro-chemical work and for congested areas where storage
DISTRIBUTION battery reserves are necessary.
• The D.C. supply from the substance may be obtained in the form of
TYPES OF
CURRENT (1)2-wire (2) 3-wire
1) 2-Wire System
DIRECT CURRENT
It consists of two wires. One is the positive
wire and other is the negative wire. The
ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT loads are connected in parallel between
two wires. This system is never used for
TRANSFORMER transmission purposes due to low
efficiency but may be employed for
SUB STATION distribution of D.C power
2) 3-Wire System
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It consists of two outers and a middle or neutral wire which is earthed at
substation. The voltage between the outers is twice the voltage between
either outer and neutral wire. Loads require high voltage are connected across
the outers
INTRODUCTION

Ac Distribution System
TERMONOLOGIES

• Now-a-days electrical energy is

DISTRIBUTION generated, transmitted and distributed
in the form of alternating current.
TYPES OF • One important reason for the
CURRENT
widespread use of alternating current in
DIRECT CURRENT
preference to direct current is the fact
that alternating voltage can be
conveniently changed in magnitude by
ALTERNATIVE
ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT
CURRENT means of a transformer.
• High transmission and distribution
TRANSFORMER voltages have greatly reduced the
current in the conductor and the
SUB STATION resulting line losses.
• Classifications:
LT PANEL ROOM (1) primary distribution system and (2) secondary distribution system.
INTRODUCTION

1)Primary Distribution System

TERMONOLOGIES

• The most commonly used primary distribution voltages are 11kv,

DISTRIBUTION
6.6kv and 3.3kv. Due to economic considerations, primary
consideration is carried out by 3-phase, 3-wire system.
TYPES OF
• Electric power from the generating station is transmitted at high
CURRENT
voltage to the substation located in or near the city. At this
substation, voltage
DIRECT CURRENT
• is stepped down to 11 kV with the help of step-down transformer.
Power is supplied to various substations for distribution or to big
ALTERNATIVE
ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT
CURRENT consumers at this voltage. This forms the high voltage distribution
or primary distribution.
TRANSFORMER

SUB STATION

LT PANEL ROOM
 2)Secondary Distribution System
INTRODUCTION

TERMONOLOGIES
•The secondary distribution system employs 400/230 V, 3-phase,4-
wire system.
DISTRIBUTION
•The primary distribution circuit delivers power to various
substations, called distribution substations.
TYPES OF
CURRENT •The substations are situated near the consumers’ localities and
contain stepdown transformers. At each distribution substation.
DIRECT CURRENT •Commercial and residential customers are connected to the
secondary distribution lines through service drops.
ALTERNATIVE
ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT
CURRENT

TRANSFORMER

SUB STATION

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TERMONOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION
1.Transformer
TYPES OF
Introduction
CURRENT
definition:-
DIRECT CURRENT Electrical power transformer is a
static device which transforms
ALTERNATIVE
electrical energy from one circuit to
CURRENT
another without any direct electrical
connection and with the help of
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER mutual induction between two
windings.
It transforms power from one circuit
SUB STATION
to another without changing its
frequency but may be in different
LT PANEL ROOM voltage level.
This is a very short and simple
definition of transformer, as we will
go through this portion of tutorial
related to electrical power
transformer.
TERMONOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION
Introduction
TYPES OF A device used to change the voltage of an alternating current in one circuit
CURRENT
to a different voltage in a second circuit, or to partially isolate two circuits
from each other.
DIRECT CURRENT  Transformers consist of two or more coils of conducting
material, such as wire, wrapped around a core (often made of iron).
ALTERNATIVE  The magnetic field produced by an alternating current in one coil induces a
CURRENT
similar current in the other coils. 
If there are fewer turns on the coil that
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER carries the source of the power than there are on a second coil, the second
coil will provide the same power but at a higher voltage.
SUB STATION
 This is called a step-up transformer. 
 If there are fewer turns on the second coil than on
the source coil, the outgoing power will have a lower voltage. 
LT PANEL ROOM This is called a step-down transformer. 
Compare converter, rectifier. 
TERMONOLOGIES

Construction of transformer
DISTRIBUTION Mainly transformer have TWO
types of construction:
TYPES OF
CURRENT
1. Core type transformer construction
2. Shell type transformer construction
DIRECT CURRENT

1. Core type Transformers:

ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT
The coils used are form-wound and are of
the cylindrical type. The general form of
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER these coils may be circular or oval or
rectangular. In small size core-type
SUB STATION
transformers, a simple rectangular core is
used with cylindrical coils which are either
circular or rectangular in form. But for
LT PANEL ROOM large-size core-type transformers, round or
circular cylindrical coils are used which are
so wound as to fit over a cruciform core
section as shown in Figure..
TERMONOLOGIES
2.Shell type of construction:-

DISTRIBUTION
In these case also, the coils
are form-would but are multi-
TYPES OF layer disc type usually wound
CURRENT
in the form of pancakes.
The different layers of such
DIRECT CURRENT
multi-layer discs are insulated
from each other by paper.
ALTERNATIVE The complete winding
CURRENT
consists of stacked discs with
insulation space between the
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER
coils–the spaces forming
horizontal cooling and
SUB STATION insulating ducts.
A shell-type transformer may
have a simple rectangular form
LT PANEL ROOM
as shown in Figure or it may
have distributed form as shown
in Figure below.
TERMONOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION
SUB-STATION
TYPES OF  A substation is a part of an
CURRENT
electrical generation,
transmission, and distribution
DIRECT CURRENT
system.
 Between the generating system
ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT
and consumer, electric power may
flow through several substations
at different voltage.
TRANSFORMER
 Sub-stations
transform voltage from high to
SUB
SUB STATION
STATION
low, or the reverse, or perform
any of several other important
functions.
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 Electric power may flow through Sub-station in Germany

several substations between

generating plants to consumer,
and may change in voltage in
several steps.
TERMONOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION
 Also it can be defined as station in the
power transmission system at which
TYPES OF
CURRENT
electric power is transformed to a
conveniently used form.
DIRECT CURRENT
 A substation may
include transformers to change voltage
levels between high transmission
ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT voltages and lower distribution voltages,
or at the interconnection of two
TRANSFORMER
different transmission voltages.
 Its main function is to receive energy
transmitted at high voltage from the
SUB
SUB STATION
STATION
generating station, by either step-up or
step-down the voltage to a value
LT PANEL ROOM appropriate for local use and provide
facilities for switching.
 Substations themselves do not usually
have generators, although a power
plant may have a substation nearby.
TERMONOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION
Elements of a substation
TYPES OF
CURRENT

DIRECT CURRENT

ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT

TRANSFORMER

A: Primary power lines' side B: Secondary power lines' side

SUB
SUB STATION
STATION

1. Primary power lines 8. Lightning arrester

2. Ground wire 9. Main transformer
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3. Overhead lines 10. Control building
4. Transformer for measurement of electric voltage 11. Security fence
5. Disconnect switch 12. Secondary powerlines
6. Circuit breaker
7. Current transformer
TERMONOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

TYPES OF
CURRENT
1) SITE CONSIDERATIONS
DIRECT CURRENT
 Location place,
 Access road,
ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT
 Existing and future sources of power.

TRANSFORMER
2) ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
 Weather temperature,
SUB
SUB STATION

STATION
Wind,
 Public safety,
LT PANEL ROOM  Audible noise,
 Electrostatic and Electromagnetic effects.
TERMONOLOGIES
LOCATION
DISTRIBUTION Selection of the location of a substation must consider many factors. Sufficient land area
is required for installation of equipment with necessary clearances for electrical safety,
TYPES OF
and for access to maintain large apparatus such as transformers.
CURRENT

Where land is costly, such as in urban areas, gas insulated switchgear may save money
DIRECT CURRENT overall.

ALTERNATIVE
Substations located in coastal areas affected by flooding and tropical storms may often
CURRENT require an elevated structure to keep equipment sensitive to surges hardened against
these elements.
TRANSFORMER
The site must have room for expansion due to load growth or planned transmission
additions. Environmental effects of the substation must be considered, such as drainage,
SUB
SUB STATION
STATION
noise and road traffic effects.

The substation site must be reasonably central to the distribution area to be served. The
LT PANEL ROOM
site must be secure from intrusion by passers-by, both to protect people from injury by
electric shock or arcs, and to protect the electrical system from misoperation.
TERMONOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION CLASSIFICATION OF SUB-STATIONS

TYPES OF
CURRENT  CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF FUNCTION:

DIRECT CURRENT (1)Transformer substation:

In this type of substation,electrical power is received at one voltage and it is
ALTERNATIVE converted to the required voltage.
CURRENT
(2)Industrial substation:
TRANSFORMER
Power required for big industrial estates is received from this substation.
(3)Switching substation:
In such substation, voltage is not changed but switching operation of power
SUB
SUB STATION
STATION
line is carried out.
(4)Frequency changer substation:
LT PANEL ROOM
in this type of substation, the power frequency is changed .For eg
traction,frequency is converted to 25Hz from 50Hz.
TERMONOLOGIES LT PANEL ROOM
DISTRIBUTION

TYPES OF
CURRENT

DIRECT CURRENT

ALTERNATIVE
CURRENT

TRANSFORMER

• LT Panel is an electrical distribution board that receives power

SUB STATION
from generator or transformer and distributes the same to
various electronic devices and distribution boards. Such panels
LT
LT PANEL
PANEL ROOM
ROOM are used in industries both for internal and external use and,
therefore, they are quite rugged to withstand different climatic
conditions. Our LT panels are designed to work with low
electricity consumption that makes them cost effective.
TERMONOLOGIES

DISTRIBUTION

• Low tension (LT) room are common across all industries and one
TYPES OF
CURRENT
of the more common spatial requirements which need to be
designed into a project
DIRECT CURRENT
• Main LT room will typically contain free standing switchboards
and Motor Control Centres (MCC), along with auxiliary equipment
ALTERNATIVE
required for the room to function (bus ducts & cable containment,
CURRENT
distribution boards, lighting, small power, air-conditioning
equipment, fire fighting, etc.).
• In addition LT room often also house other related equipment –
TRANSFORMER

marshalling panels, UPS systems, control panels etc.

SUB STATION

LT
LT PANEL
PANEL ROOM
ROOM