A P R E S E N TAT I O N O N
 

GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM,

TECHNIQUES, TYPES AND
T E C H N I C A L F U N D A M E N TA L S
 
BY

GANESH BHANDARI
PUL075MSREE007
 BACKGROUND

• electricity generating solar PV power system that is

connected to the utility grid
• system consists of solar panels, one or several inverters, a
power conditioning unit and grid connection equipment
• the grid-connected PV system supplies the excess power,
beyond consumption by the connected load, to the utility
grid
• the excess power can yield revenue by selling it to the grid
• Needs an interconnection agreement between the consumer
and the utility company.
GRID CONNECTION TECHNOLOGY AND FEATURES

• must be converted to alternating current by a

power inverter if it is intended for delivery to a
power grid
• The inverter must monitor grid voltage,
waveform, and frequency
• The levels of solar energy penetration must be
interconnected effectively onto the transmission
grid
GRID TIED INVERTER
• convert DC electrical power into AC power suitable for
injecting into the electric grid
• grid tie inverter (GTI) must match the phase of the grid and
maintain the output voltage
• inverter has an on-board computer that senses the current
AC grid waveform, and outputs a voltage to correspond
with the grid
• supplying reactive power to the grid might be necessary to
keep the voltage in the local grid inside allowed limitations
NET METERING
• ability for home and business owners to return the
excess electric energy generated by their rooftop solar
PV panels to the local power grid and receive credit
for it
• the excess electricity would be added to the power
grid for other people to use
• A meter would tally the net difference between how
much energy a property produced and how much it
consumed
ANTI ISLANDING
• Islanding is the condition in which a distributed generator
continues to power a location even though power from the
electric utility grid is no longer present
• Islanding can be dangerous to utility workers, who may not
realize that a circuit is still powered
• distributed generators must detect islanding and immediately
stop producing power; this is referred to as anti-islanding
• solar inverters that are designed to supply power to the grid are
generally required to have automatic anti-islanding circuitry
GRID CODES

• right and responsibilities of all generators and load

connected to transmission and distribution system
• In case of PV plants grid codes are primarily
targeting the inverters and their functionalities
• Grid codes mainly focus on power quality,
harmonics, flickers, voltage deviations, frequency,
active reactive power control and anti-islanding etc
ADVANTAGES OF GRID CONNECTION OF PV

• Net Metering and Feed-in Tariff which are offered by

some system operators, can offset a customers
electricity usage costs
• Grid-connected PV systems are comparatively easier
to install as they do not require a battery system
• Grid interconnection of photovoltaic (PV) power
generation systems has the advantage of effective
utilization of generated power because there are no
storage losses involved
DISADVANTAGES OF GRID CONNECTION OF PV

• Grid-connected PV can cause issues with

voltage regulation
• Grid-connected PV can compromise power
quality
• PV’s intermittent nature means rapid
changes in voltage
• islanding
CHALLENGES OF SOLAR GRID CONNECTION

• Power quality issues range from voltage and

frequency to other areas such as harmonics,
electromagnetic transients, and flicker
• The harmonics problem comes mainly from power
inverters used in converting renewably generated DC
voltage into AC
• Voltage Stability
• Frequency Stability
CORRECTION METHODS

• Poor power factor causes electrical systems to be less

efficient and can even damage parts of the system
• ways to correct the power factor by connecting
devices into the systems to add reactive power to the
system
• Synchronous Condenser
• Tap Ratio Transformers
• Capacitor Banks
INVESTIGATION OF STEADY STATE VOLTAGE STABILITY

PV Curves
VQ curve
REVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL

Overgeneration
• when output from the renewable energy reaches so high that
system couldn’t accommodate it
Congestion
• Power grid congestion is a situation where the existing
transmission or distribution lines are unable to accommodate all
required load during periods of high demand or during
emergency load conditions, such as when adjacent lines are
taken out of service
Curtailment
• It is defined as a reduction in the output of
generator
• Curtailment can result when utilities
command wind and solar generators to
reduce output to minimize the transmission
congestion
KEY TECHNOLOGIES IN GRID CONNECTED PV
New type PV grid connected inverter that can participate in
power dispatching
PV inverter group control technology
GRID CONNECTED PV SCENARIO IN NEPAL
• The first grid connected solar PV system of 1.1 kW-peak (kWp) capacity was installed at Center
for Energy Studies, Institute of Engineering (IOE) Pulchowk Campus on 31st October, 2012
• 3.3 kWp in Min Bhavan Substation of Nepal Electricity Authority
• The largest one is 1 MWp plant in Nawalparasi, followed by a 680.4 kWp plant of Kathmandu
Upatyaka Khanepani Limited (KUKL) at Dhobighat, Lalitpur installed in 2012
• ICIMOD currently has 92kWp installed capacity for photovoltaic solar energy
• 1MW solar PV has been installed inside Singha durbar
• Nepal began construction of its largest solar energy plant 25 MW in April 2018 in the Nuwakot
district
• Nepal's Department of Electricity Development approved survey licenses for 21 locations to
prepare for the possible installation of 56 solar plants of about 317.14 MW
• The largest planned solar energy project is a 120 MW solar PV station in Dhalkebar in
Mahottari district
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Thank
YOU