Lecture-07 - Gauss Ellimination Methods and Cramers Rule

DEPARTMENT OF
MATHEMATICS
[YEAR OF ESTABLISHMENT –
1997]
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

MATHEMATICS-I
Lecture : 8
GAUSS ELLIMINATION METHOD
GAUSS JORDAN ELLIMINATION METHOD
AND CRAMERS RULE

GAUSS ELIMINATION METHOD
This is a standard elimination method to solve the linear

system of equations. Let us solve the linear system of
equation using gauss elimination method followed by
certain steps.
Example: Solve the following system using Gauss
elimination method.
x1  x2  x3  0
 x1  x2  x3  0
10 x2  25 x3  90
20 x1  10 x2  80
CONTINUED
Step-1: First we have to write the augmented matrix
for the system of equation. For this case the
augmented matrix is
 1 1 1 0 
 1 1 1 0 
 
 0 10 25 90 
 
 20 10 0 80 
Step-2:Then we have to reduced the matrix to row

echelon form by using row elementary operation.

CONTINUED
Elementary row operation for matrices:
(i) Interchange of two rows

(ii) Addition of a constant multiple of one row to
another row.
(iii)Multiplication of a row by a nonzero constant c
Echelon form: Reduction of a matrix to row echelon

form means the first entry of the first row will be
nonzero then the first entry of 2nd row will be zero then
the first two entries of the 3rd row will be zero and the
no. of zeros will increase row by row upto the last row
till it is reduced to row echelon form.
CONTINUED
Let us reduce the matrix to echelon form…
 1 1 1 0 
 1 1 1 0 
 
 0 10 25 90 
 
 20 10 0 80 
R2  R2  R1
R4  R4  20 R1
 1 1 1 0 
 0 0 0 
0 

 0 10 25 90 
 
 0 30 20 80 
CONTINUED
R2  R4
 1 1 1 0 
 0 30 20 80 

 0 10 25 90 
 
 0 0 0 0 
R3  3 R3  R1
 1 1 1 0 
 0 30 20 
80 

 0 0 95 190 
 
 0 0 0 0 
CONTINUED
Now the matrix reduced to echelon form…
Step-3:Then we have to write the equations of this
triangular system by backward substitution and by
solving the equations we will get the values of the
unknowns.
Now the equations are…
95 x3  190
10 x2  25 x3  90
x1  x2  x3  0
So by solving we will get

x3  2, x2  4, x1  2.( Ans )
CASES OF GAUSS ELIMINATION
METHOD
Unique solution
Example: Solve the system 2x+5y=2,4x+3y=18

Sol: Here the augmented matrix is
2 5 2
 4 3 18
  R R 2R
2 2 1
2 5 2

0 7 14 
CONTINUED
Now the equations are

2x+5y=2
-7y=14
Solving the equations we get x=6,y= -2.
Since we are getting unique values of x,y so the
system has unique solution. Geometrically we can
say that the two equations represent two intersecting
straight lines that is there is only one intersecting
point so it has unique solution.
METHOD
Infinite solution

2 5 2
 4 10 4 
  R R 2R
2 2 1
2 5 2
 
 0 0 0 
CONTINUED

2x+5y=2
0.x+0.y=0
Here if y=k then x=(2-5k)/2.
Since we are getting infinitely many values of x,y so
the system has infinite solution. Geometrically we
can say that the two equations represent two straight
lines which are coincident. so it has unique solution.
CONTINUED
Q. Find the value of k for which the system 2x-3y=4

and 4x-ky=8 has infinitely many solution.
Sol: Here the system represents two lines. So it has
infinitely many solution if the lines are coincident
that is
a1 b1 c1 2 3 4
    
a2 b2 c2 4 k 8
3 1
  k 6
k 2
METHOD
No solution

2 5 2
 4 10 6 
  R R 2R
2 2 1
2 5 2

0 0 2 
CONTINUED

2x+5y=2
0.x+0.y=2
Which is not possible so it has no solution.
Geometrically we can say that the two equations
represent two straight lines which are parallel. so it
has no points in common .So it has no solution.
PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
Example: - Solve the following system of equations

by Gauss elimination method
-x+y+2z = 2, 3x-y+z = 6, -x+3y+4z = 4.
Sol: Augmented matrix is
 1 1 2 2 
 3 1 1 6 
 
 1 3 4 4  R2  R2  3R1
R3  R3  R1
 1 1 2 2
  0 2 7 12 
 0 2 2 2  R3  R3  R2
CONTINUED
 1 1 2 2 
  0 2 7 12 
 0 0 5 10 

-5z=-10
2y+7z=12
-x+y+2z=2
So by solving the equations we get
z=2,y=-1,x=1
So the system has unique solution.(ans)

x+y-z =9 , 8y+6z = -6, -2x+4y-6z = 40.
1 1 1 9
0 8 6 6 

 2 4 6 40  R  R
3 3  2 R1
1 1 1 9
  0 8 6 6 
 0 6 8 58  R3  4 R3 3R2
CONTINUED
 1 1 1 9 
  0 8 6 6 
 0 0 50 250 

-50z=250
8y+6z=-6
x+y-z=9
z=-5,y=3,x=1
So the system has unique solution.(ans)

-x+2y-5z =-21 , 4x-8y+3z = 16, 3x-6y+z = 7.
 1 2 5 21
 4 8 3 16 

 3 6 1 7  R2  R2  4 R1
R3  R3  3 R1
 1 2 5 21

 0 0 
17 68 
 0 0 14 56  R 17 R
3 3 14 R2
CONTINUED
 1 2 5 21
  0 0 17 68 
 0 0 0 0 

-17z=-68
-x+2y-5z=-21
z=4,y=(k-1)/2,x=k
So the system has infinitely many solution.(ans)


2w-3x-3y+6z =2 , 5x+5y-10z = 0, 4w+x+y-2z =4.
 2 3 3 6 2 
 0 5 5 10 0 

 4 1 1 2 4  R  R
3 3  2 R1
 2 3 3 6 2 

 0 5 5 10 0 
 0 7 7 14 0  R 5 R
3 3  7 R2
CONTINUED
 2 3 3 6 2 
  0 5 5 10 0 
 0 0 0 0 0 

2w-3x-3y+6z=2
5x+5y-10z=0
W=1,z=k,y=m,x=2k-m
So the system has infinitely many solution.(ans)


4x+y =4 , 5x-3y+z = 2, -9x+2y-z =5.
4 1 0 4
 5 3 1 2 
 
 9 2 1 5  R2 4 R2 5 R1
R3  4 R3  9 R1
 4 1 0 4 

 0 17 4 
12 
 0 17 4 56  R3  R3  R2
CONTINUED
 4 1 0 4 

 0 17 4 
12 
 0 0 0 44 

4x+y+0z=4
0x-17y+4z=-12
0.x+0.y+0.z=44
Which is not possible.
So the system has no solution.(ans)


2x-z = 2, 4y+3z =8 , 3x+2y=5.
 2 0 1 2 
0 4 3 8
 
 3 2 0 5 
R  2 R 3 R
3 3 1
2 0 1 2

0 4 3 8 
 0 4 3 4  R  R
3 3  R2
CONTINUED
2 0 1 2 
  0 4 3 8 
 0 0 0 4 

2x+0.y-z=2
0x+4y+3z=8
0.x+0.y+0.z=-4
Which is not possible.
So the system has no solution.(ans)

GAUSS JORDAN ELIMINATION METHOD
To avoid the back substitution we will reduce the matrix

to diagonal form instead of triangular form in gauss
elimination. This method is known as Gauss-Jordan
elimination method and here the form is
DX=B
Where D is the diagonal matrix, X is the solution vector.
It will be easy for calculation if we make the diagonal
matrix to a identity matrix. Let us solve some examples
involving this method.


by Gauss-jordan elimination method.
2x+y+2z+w =6 ,6x-6y+6z+12w =36,4x+3y+3z-3w=-1,
2x+2y-z+w=10
Sol: Here the Augmented matrix is
 2 1 26 1
 6 
6 6 12 36 

 4 3 3 3 1
 
 2 2 1 1 10 
Let us reduce the co-efficient matrix to a identity matrix

using row elementary operations.
 2 1 2 6
1
 6 6 6 36 
12

 4 3 3 3 1
 
 2 2 1 1 10  R  1 R
1 1
2
 1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 3 
 6 6 6 12 36 

 4 3 3 3 1 
  R  R 6 R
 2 2 1 1 10  R2  R2  4 R1
3 3 1
R4  R4  2 R1
 1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 3 
 0 9 0 9 18 

 0 1 1 5 13
 
 0 1 3 0 4  R2  1  R2
 9 

 1 1/ 2 1 1/ 2 3 
 0 1 0 1 2 

 0 1 1 5 13 1
  1 1  2  R2
R  R 
 0 1 3 0 4  R R R
3 3 2
R4  R4  R2
 1 0 1 1 4 
 0 1 0 1 
2 

 0 0 1 4 11
 
 0 0 3 1 6  R  1 R
3 3

1 0 1 1 4
0 1 0 1 2 

0 0 1 4 11 
 
0 0 3 1 6  R1  R1  R3
R4  R4  3 R3
 1 0 0 3 7 
 0 1 0 
1 2 

 0 0 1 4 11 
 
 0 0 0 13 39  R  1  R
4   4
 13 

 1 0 0 3 7 
 0 1 0 1 2 

 0 0 1 4 11 
  R  R 3R
 0 0 0 1 3  R1  R1  R 4
2 2 4
R3  R3  4 R4
1 0 0 0 2
0 1 0 0 1 

0 0 1 0 1
 
0 0 0 1 3
So here x=2,y=1,z=-1,w=3.


2x+y+4z=11 ,x+5y+7z=15,3x+11y+13z=25
2 1 11 4
1 5 7 15 

 3 11 13 25

2 1 11 
4
1 5 
7
15 

 3 11 13 25 R  1  R
1 2 1
 
 1 1/ 2 2 11/ 2 
  1 5 7 15 
 3 11 13 25  R2  R2  R1
R3  R3 3 R1
 1 1/ 2 2 11/ 2 
  0 9/ 2 5 19 / 2 
 0 19 / 2 7 17 / 2  2
R2   R2
9
 1 1/ 2 2 11/ 2 
  0 1 10 / 9 19 / 9 
1
 0  
19 / 2 7 17 / 2  1 1  2  R2
R R
 19 
R3  R3    R2
 2
 1 0 13 / 9 40 / 9 
  0 1 10 / 9 19 / 9 
 0 0 32 / 9 104 / 9   9 
R3   R3
 32 
 1 0 13 / 9 40 / 9 
  0 1 10 / 9 19 / 9 
 13 
 0  
0 1 13 / 4  1 1  9  R3
R R
 10 
R2  R2   R3
 9 

 1 0 0 1/ 4 
  0 1 0 3 / 2 
 0 0 1 13 / 4 
So here x=-1/4,y=-3/2,z=13/4.


x-y+2z=3,x+2y+3z=5,3x-4y-5z=-13
 1 1 2 3 
 1 2 3 5 

 3 4 5 13

 1 1 2 3 
 1 2 3 5 

 3 4 5 13 R2  R2  R1
R3  R3 3 R1
 1 1 2 3 
  0 3 1 2 
 0 1 11 22  R 1
2   3  R2
 
 1 1 2 3 
  0 1 1/ 3 2 / 3
 0 1 11 22  R1  R1  R2
R3  R3  R2

 1 0 7/3 11/ 3 
  0 1 1/ 3 2 / 3 
 0 0 32 / 3 64 / 3 R  3  R
3  32  3
 
 1 0 7 / 3 11/ 3
  0 1 1/ 3 2 / 3 
7
 0  
0 1 2  1 1  3  R3
R R
1
R2  R2   R3
3
1 0 0 1
So here
  0 1 0 0 
x=-1,
 0 0 1 2 
y=0,z=2

CRAMERS RULE
If a linear system of n equations in the same no. of
unknowns x1 , x2 ....xn a x  a x  ...a x  b
11 1 12 2 1n n 1
La21 xf1 (ta)22 x2=F  s

...a2 n xn  b2
.........................................
am1 x1  am 2 x2  ...amn xn  bm
has a non zero coefficient determinant D=det A then

the solution of the system is x  D1 , x  D2 ... x  Dn ,
1 2 n
D D D
Where Dk is the determinant obtained from D by

replacing in D the kth column by the column with the
entries b1 , b2 ...bn .
Q.1. Solve the following system by cramers rule.

3x+7y+8z=-13,2x+9z=-5,-4x+y-26z=2
Sol:
3 7 8
Here D= 2 0 9  101  0
-4 1 -26
-13 7 8
D1  -5 0 9  707
2 1 -26
3 -13 8
D2  2 -5 9 0
-4 2 -26
3 7 -13
D3 = 2 0 -5  101
-4 1 2
D1 707 D2 D3 101
x   7, y   0, z   1
D 101 D D 101
Q.2. Solve the following system by cramers rule.

3x-y+z=11,x+y+3z=13,2x-3y+4z=23
Sol:
3 -1 1
Here D= 1 1 3  32  0
2 -3 4
11 -1 1
D1  13 1 3  64
23 -3 4
3 11 1
D2  1 13 3  32
2 23 4
3 -1 11
D3 = 1 1 13  128
2 -3 23
D1 64 D2 32 D3 128
x   2, y    1, z   4
D 32 D 32 D 32
DEFINITION
Echelon form: The matrix in the last step of Gauss
elimination is called as echelon form, which is in the
form: a x  a x  ................a x  b
11 1 12 2 1n n 1
c22 x2  ................c2 n xn  b2

.........................................

krr xr  ............k rn xn  br

0  br 1
.......

0  bm
DEFINITION
Conditions: -  
1. If r < m and one of br 1 ......... bm is not zero
then it has no solution.
 
2. If r = n and br 1 ......... bm if present are zero then it
has unique solution.
 
3. If r < n and br 1 ......... bm if present are zero then
it has infinite many solutions.

ASSIGNMENT
1. Solve the following system of equations by Gauss
Jordan Elimination method
2w – x+y - z =-10 , 2w+3x -y -z = 0,
w+x+y-z =20,3w+x-y+z =60
2. Find the value of k for which the system has infinitely
many solution.
2x-3y=4,4x-ky=8
3. Solve the following system of linear equations using
Cramer’s rule.
5x-3y=37,-2x+7y=-38
4. Solve the following system of linear equations using
Cramer’s rule.
(i) x+2y+3z=20,7x+3y+z=13,x+6y+2z=0.
(ii) x+y =3, 2x-y+2z=-2, 3x +y =3.

Lecture-07 - Gauss Ellimination Methods and Cramers Rule

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture-07 - Gauss Ellimination Methods and Cramers Rule

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DEPARTMENT OF

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

This is a standard elimination method to solve the linear

Step-2:Then we have to reduced the matrix to row

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

(i) Interchange of two rows

Echelon form: Reduction of a matrix to row echelon

So by solving we will get

Example: Solve the system 2x+5y=2,4x+3y=18

Now the equations are

Example: Solve the system 2x+5y=2,4x+10y=4

Now the equations are

Q. Find the value of k for which the system 2x-3y=4

Example: Solve the system 2x+5y=2,4x+10y=6

Now the equations are

Example: - Solve the following system of equations

Now the equations are

Example: - Solve the following system of equations

Now the equations are

Example: - Solve the following system of equations

Now the equations are

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

Example: - Solve the following system of equations

Now the equations are

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

Example: - Solve the following system of equations

Now the equations are

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

Example: - Solve the following system of equations

Now the equations are

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

To avoid the back substitution we will reduce the matrix

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

Example: - Solve the following system of equations

Let us reduce the co-efficient matrix to a identity matrix

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

Example: - Solve the following system of equations

Sol: Here the Augmented matrix is

Let us reduce the co-efficient matrix to a identity matrix

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

Example: - Solve the following system of equations

Sol: Here the Augmented matrix is

Let us reduce the co-efficient matrix to a identity matrix

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

La21 xf1 (ta)22 x2=F  s

has a non zero coefficient determinant D=det A then

Where Dk is the determinant obtained from D by

Q.1. Solve the following system by cramers rule.

Q.2. Solve the following system by cramers rule.

c22 x2  ................c2 n xn  b2

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, CVRCE

You might also like