1 Unit 4

Fluid Dynamics
1 General Objectives

To know, understand and apply

the mechanism of flow to simple
pipes.
1 Specific Objectives

• At the end of the lesson you should be

able to:
• Define types of flow
• Define discharge, continuity equation
and mass flow arte in pipes
• Solve problem related to the use of
continuity equation
The cross-sectional area and velocity of the stream may
vary from cross- section, but for each cross-section they
do not change with time. Example: a wave travelling
along a channel.
The cross-sectional area and velocity of the
stream of fluid are the same at each successive
cross-section. Example: flow through a pipe of
uniform bore running completely full.
Also known as streamline or viscous flow, in
which the particles of the fluid move in an
orderly manner and retain the same relative
positions in successive cross-sections.
Turbulent flow is a non steady flow in which the
particles of fluid move in a disorderly manner,
occupying different relative positions in
successive cross- sections.
Discharge
The volume of liquid passing
through a given cross-section in
unit time is called the discharge. It
is measured in cubic meter per
second, or similar units and
denoted by Q.
Q = A.v
Sample Problem 1
 
If the diameter d = 15 cm and
the mean velocity, v = 3 m/s,
calculate the actual discharge in
the pipe.
 
Sample Problem 2
Compute the discharge of
water through 75 mm pipe if
the mean velocity is 2.5
m/sec. 
1.Mass Flowrate
The mass of fluid passing through a given cross
section in unit time is called the mass flow rate. It is
measured in kilogram per second, or similar units and
denoted by m . ·
Sample Problem 3
Oil flows through a pipe at a
velocity of 1.6 m/s. The diameter of
the pipe is 8 cm. Calculate discharge
and mass flowrate of oil. Take into
consideration soil = 0.85.
Sample Problem 4
The weight of an empty bucket is
2.0 kg. After 7 seconds of collecting
water the weight of the bucket is
8.0 kg. Calculate the mass flowrate
of the fluid.
4.3 Continuity Equation
For continuity of flow in any system of fluid flow,
the total amount of fluid entering the system must
equal the amount leaving the system. This occurs in
the case of uniform flow and steady flow.
Application

We can apply the principle of continuity to pipes with cross sections that have changes
along their length. Consider the diagram below of a pipe with a contraction.

A liquid is flowing from left to right and the pipe is narrowing in the same direction.
By the continuity principle, the discharge must be the same at each section. The
mass going into the pipe is equal to the mass going out of the pipe.
Sample Problem 5
.
Sample Problem 6
Now try this on a diffuser, a pipe which expands or
diverges as in the figure below.

Referring to the Figure the diameter at section 1 is d1 = 30 mm and at

section 2 is d2=40 mm and the mean velocity at section 2 is v2 = 3.0
m/s. Calculate the velocity entering the diffuser.
.
Sample Problem 7
A pipe is split into 2 pipes which are BC and BD as shown in the Figure 4.5. The
following information is given:
diameter pipe AB at A = 0.45 m
diameter pipe AB at B = 0.3 m
diameter pipe BC = 0.2 m
diameter pipe BD = 0.15 m
Seatwork
1. List down the types of flow. Define any thee types of flow that you have listed.
2. The discharge of air through a 600-mm pipe is 4 m3/sec. Compute the mean velocity
in m/sec.
3. A pipe line consists of successive lengths of 380-mm, 300-mm, and 250-mm pipe.
With a continuous flow through the line of 250 Lit/sec of water, compute the mean
velocity in each size of pipe.
4. Calculate the velocity if 10 m3/h of water flows through a 100 mm inside diameter
pipe. If the pipe is reduced to 80 mm inside diameter.
5. Water flows from a cylindrical pipe of radius 4 cm into another cylindrical pipe of
radius 2 cm. If the water exhibits a velocity of 20 m/s in the second pipe, what was
the velocity in the first?
6. State the actual discharge equation for the following pipes.
Assignment
1. Water flows through a pipe AB of diameter d1 = 50 mm, which is in series with a
pipe BC of diameter d2 = 75 mm in which the mean velocity v2 = 2 m/s. At C the
pipe forks and one branch CD is of diameter d3 such that the mean velocity v3 is
1.5 m/s. The other branch CE is of diameter d4 = 30 mm and conditions are such
that the discharge Q2 from BC divides so that Q4 = ½ Q3. Calculate the values of
Q1,v1,Q2,Q3,D3,Q4 and v4..
Assignment
2. Water flow through a 3 inch diameter pipe at a velocity of 10ft/s. find the (a)
volume flow rate in cfs and gpm, (b) weight flow rate and mass flow rate.
3. Benzene flows though a 100 mm diameter pipe at a mean velocity of 3.00 m/s. find
the (a) volume flow rate in m3/s and L/min, (b) weight floe rate and (c) mass flow
rate.
4. The flow rate of air moving through square 0.50m by 0.50 m duct is 160 m3/min.
What is the velocity of thee air?
5. Assumes a conduct shown in Fig. 8-1 has (inside) diameter 12 in and 18 in at
sections 1 and 2, respectively. If water is flowing in the in the conduit at a velocity of
19.6 ft/s at section 2, find the (a) velocity t section 1, (b) volume flow rate at section
1, © volume flow rate at section 2 (d) weight flow rate and (e) mass flow rate.
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