Teknologi Pusat

Data
03
Modul ke:

Fakultas
TEKNIK Muhammad Rifqi, S.Kom, M.Kom

Program Studi
Ilmu
Komputer
Data Center Requirements

• Fire protection
• Weight rated floor
• Access to power
• Access to HVAC
• Access controls
o Limited access entry points.
Physical Security

• Crime prevention through environmental design:

o Fences, walls & gates
o Natural barriers and open spaces
o Lighting
o Surveillance
o Alarms
Physical Security

• The computer room should have limited access: on a need to be

there basis only.
o Keycards and old fashioned keys and locks.
o Guests should not be given access without an escort.
o Proximity badges
o Biometric Passes
Physical Security
o A room may require two people to have access at any one time, so no one
can be alone in the computer room.
Physical Security: Surveillance

• Cameras (Closed Circuit Video)

• Motion Detectors
• Keeping track of entry and exit of each individual
Power

• Your power capacity must provide for

o Computer equipment
o HVAC
o Lighting
o Security
o Fire prevention
• As technology advances, it takes less space to use equal
amounts of power.
• Power cords, fuse boxes, switches must meet fire safety
standards. (NEBs Standards)

• * HVAC adalah sebuah singkatan yang kepanjangannya

dalam Bahasa Inggris adalah "heating, ventilation, dan
air-conditioning" (Bahasa Indonesia: pemanasan,
ventilasi, dan ac) Kadangkala disebut sebagai pengontrol
iklim.
NEBS

• Networking Equipment Building System

o Floor loading
o Temperature & Humidity
o Fire prevention
o Airborne contamination
o Noise level
o EMF
NEBS

o Electrostatic Discharge
o Lightning protection
o Electric safety standards
o Grounding
o etc
Power Main Categories

• UPS
• Surge Protection
• Line conditioning
Power: UPS

Consist of
• ATS (automatic transfer switch)
• Fire codes require an off switch for UPS.
• Batteries
• May include generators for prolonged outages.
Power: ATS

Automatic Transfer Switch

• Detects when utility power is outside of an acceptable range, then
activates the UPS and generators.
• Detects when utility power resumes, and switches from UPS to
utility power.
Power: UPS

• UPS must provide power for

o Computing systems and other essential hardware.
o HVAC
o Security
o Lighting
o Separate backup power for any fire suppression needing power.
Power: UPS

• UPS may require special requirements for:

o cooling,
o ventilation
o power
o Its own special room
• Make sure the power is available for this room too!
• Access is for maintenance and inspection only!
Power: UPS

• UPS can be made up of a room full of batteries.

o these can be a dangerous fire hazard.
o Fumes from battery acid are flammable and poisonous.
Power Outage

• Statistics show that power outages tend to last for very short periods
or very long periods.
• Most power outages last less than 5 seconds.
• If an outage lasts more than 10 minutes, it is likely to last all day.
Power Outage

• A UPS should have enough stored power to last about 10 min + the
required time to safely shutdown.
• A generator would be required to handle power outages lasting more
than 10 to 15 minutes.
• UPS needs maintenance. Rechargeable lead acid batteries will last
about 5 years.
Power: Surge Protection

• Required to protect against jumps in voltage from your power

source.
• Can happen when there is a sudden large draw of power. Most likely
to happen during power outages.
• A spike in voltage can damage electronics.
Power: Surge Protection

• Data center should be grounded for lightning strikes using lightning

rods.
Power: Line Conditioning

• A power conditioner keeps the power supply at a constant voltage

and frequency.
• Deals with sags, spikes, surges, and outages.
o Surges last longer than spikes.

• A step above surge protection.

Power: Fire Suppression

• Fire suppression power requirements must be separate from

everything else including computer system UPS.
Fire Suppression

Halon Alternatives are used to reduce the oxygen content. (There must be
enough remaining oxygen for humans to breathe)
Fire Suppression

CO2 – cheap but causes greater condensation compared to other alternative

suppressants.
If fire suppression is activated:
Power down systems.
Evacuate personnel
Shut off all power and system UPS
Contact the suppression experts
Maintain a fire-evacuation plan
Power Switches

• Fuse boxes, and any other power switch control should be easily
accessible and not hidden behind equipment.
HVAC

• Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning

HVAC

• Fans for forcing air flow

• Filters for reducing the amount of contaminants in the air.
• Humidity control –
o dry air leads to more static electricity.
o Damp air leads to corrosion
o 40%-60% RH

• Water chillers, pumps, compressors

HVAC: Air Flow Management

• http://www.42u.com/42u-rack-cooling.htm
• The hot aisle-cold aisle alternating system
HVAC

• Room should have good ventilation.

• Equipment should be spaced apart to prevent heat pockets from
forming.
• The Amundsen-Scott facility does not require heating as long as the
equipment in the data center is running.
• Water sensors should be placed under AC units, and raised floor.
HVAC

• Multiple thermostats may be required for larger rooms.

• Alarm to alert when temperature/humidity is outside a safe
operation range.
Redundancy

• Power
• HVAC
• Hardware
o Server
o Disk
o Backup
Racks

• Selection
• Floor Layout
• Contents
Racks

• Racks help manage space efficiently.

• Racks are needed so that equipment is not literally stacked on top of
each other. (build up of heat)
• Racks also provide cable management.
• Racks help manage HVAC
Rack Selection

• Two Posts – usually for lighter communications hardware.

• Four Posts – for heavier hardware.

http://www.racksolutions.com/index.html
Rack Selection

• Height – should not be too tall that access is difficult or gets too
close to the roof. Heat rises and equipment at the top will be subject
to higher temperatures.
Rack Selection

• Width
o Computer hardware standard is 19 inches.
o Networking hardware NEBS standard is 21 inches. Network Equipment
Building Standards.
Rack Selection

• Depth
Must be deep enough for your equipment to fit plus enough space for
vertical and horizontal cabling.
Cables and equipment should not protrude into aisle space. (check fire
codes)
Rack Selection

• Extra deep racks tend to create unused space.

o Over packed racks lead to cabling complications and heat build up around
equipment.
Rack Selection

• Some racks have built in fans.

• Bottom mounted fans may require perforated
raised floors.
• Bottom mounted equipment can restrict air flow.
• Doors on racks restrict air flow when closed.
Rack Placement

• Allow racks to be far enough apart for easy access to equipment and
cabling.
• Racks placed too close will build up excessive heat and cause access
problems.
Racks: PDU vs Power Strip

• PDU - power distribution unit connects different sockets into

different circuits.
Non-rack equipment

• Not all equipment is rack mounted.

• Be sure to have enough space for non-rack mounted hardware.
Cables

• Power
• Data
o Networking cables
o Hardware connection cables
Room Cabling

• Heavy power cables are best suited for under the raised floor.
• Cable tracks hang from the ceiling. They are designed to handle both
power and data cables.
• Lighter data cables can be above the drop down ceiling.
Cables

• Keep power cables and data cables as far apart as practical.

o EMF from power cables can adversely effect data cable performance.
Room Cabling

• In some instances, the floor may collect water and not be ideal for
power cords.
• A leaking roof is also problematic.
• Water sensors should be installed under a raised floor near the AC
units.
Cable Management

• Use twist ties to keep cables in place.

• Put labels on both cable ends. Color coded strips are ideal.
o Consider what will happen if you unplug the wrong piece of equipment.
Cable Management

• Data and power cables should be color coded.

o Thick black and gray cables are usually power cables.
o Networking cables are often red, yellow, blue, etc.
Cables

• Collect cables in different lengths. Try to use cables of the correct

length to avoid large cable loops.
• If cables are too short, maintenance on hardware is more difficult.
• Use plastic twist ties for bundling similar cables.
• Don’t bundle power and data cables.
Cable Redundancy

• Wire the data center for different AC power sources.

• Create different pathways for cables. In other words not all cables
should go through the same path. If a path is submerged in water or
on-fire, you want alternative pathways.
Labeling

• Label racks
• Power cords at both ends.
• Data cables at both ends.
• Hardware
o Disk drives
o Tape drives
o Servers Front and Back
Labels

• High port density equipment is difficult to label. Be creative with

your labels.
• Some cables are molded with labeling on them.
Data Center Communications

• Data centers are noisy due to fans, disk drives, and the AC. Phones
are hard to use.
Consoles

• The data center is not a good environment for working at a console.

o Too noisy
o Insufficient space
o To many servers to have individual consoles for each.
o Tends to be cold and drafty
Consoles

• Keep a minimal number of consoles in the data center.

• You want to discourage unnecessary console usage in the data
center.
• Use a switch box for accessing the individual servers.
Consoles

• A laptop computer or serial console can be placed on a moveable

cart. The cart can be positioned and connected to any server.
Workbench

• Should be grounded.
• Grounding wrist bands should be attached to the bench.
• Should have multiple power sockets.
• Should be in close proximity to the data center floor.
• Work rooms generate dust and should not be in the data center.
Tools

• It is very difficult to keep track of tools. Tools are borrowed and

never return.
• Consider using an inventoried tool box and checkout policy.
• The best tool box has drawers in a cart.
Tools

• Miscellaneous things to have:

o Dolly
o Vacuum cleaner
o Brooms and brushes.
Spare parts

• Keep spare parts in a special area.

• Use bins or drawers to organize.
• Cables of different types and lengths.
• Fans
• Power supplies.
• Anything else you can’t afford to do without.
NEBS

• Network Equipment Building System is the documented standards

for
o Room space planning
o Floor loading
o Temperature and humidity
o Fire resistance
o Installation procedures
o Airborne contamination
NEBS (continued)

• Acoustic noise levels

• Electric safety
• EMF
• Electrostatic discharge immunity
• Lightning protection
• DC potential difference
• Grounding
NEBS

• Used by the telecommunications industry.

• Creates high reliability standards.
 Daftar Pustaka

• Yulianti, Diah Eka., dan Hafda Bayu Nanda. 2008. Best Practice
Perancangan Data Center. OPenContent License.
• http://staff.ui.ac.id/system/files/users/fuadg/publication/manajemen
dokumenperusahaan1.doc. Diakses 18 September 2015
• Agler, Douglas. 2005. Build the best data center facility for your
business. Cisco Press. USA.
• Jayaswal, Kailas. 2006. Administering Data Centers: Servers,
Storage, and Voice over IP. Wiley Publishing. USA.
Terima Kasih
Muhammad Rifqi, S.Kom, M.Kom