Protozo

a
Yahairi Maribel Santos Juárez
Juan Daniel Vázquez Andrade
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 02
STRUCTURE CLASSIFICATION
Relatively complex internal structure and carry out Can include two types of classification
complex metabolic activities.

03
IDENTIFICATION
Light microscopy
INTRODUCTION

They´re eukaryotic microbes, that

are unicellular. They have a complex
structure, meaning they have many
different shapes and sizes. They live
in a wide variety of moist habitats
that include fresh water, marine
environments and the soil. Some are
parasitic, meaning that the organism
lives on a host, causing diseases.
01
STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE

| They don´t have cell walls

| They can form double membranes or cysts

(resistance)

Plasma membrane: composed of lipid & protein

molecules
Endoplasmic reticulum: separate compartments of the cells
which allow conditions to be maintained
Enzymes: catalyze the activity of ribosomes during protein synthesis

Golgi apparatus: cluster of flattened vesicles that are involved in membrane maturation, formation and storage of
the products of cell synthesis and in the formation of scales on the surface coat of some flagellates (***poorly evident
in most ciliates and absent from some amoebae.)

Nucleus: posses at least one, DNA found in chromosomes of nucleus, and it is bounded by two-unit membranes
possessing pores that permit the passage of molecules between the cytoplasm and the nucleoplasm
In ciliates we can find two types: micronuclei (germinal) and macronuclei (nonreproductive)

Mitochondria: site of cellular respiration double membrane, the inner membrane increase the surface area of the
respiratory machinery and the outer membrane forms the boundary of the organelle

Contractile vacuole: maintains the osmotic gradient between the cell cytoplasm and the environment

Digestive vacuole: In ciliates they form at the base of the cytopharynx, whereas in species without a cell “mouth,”
they form near the cell membrane at the site where food is ingested.
STRUCTURE

Structural proteins of various types

form the cytoskeleton and the
locomotory appendages.
Protozoans exhibit diverse modes of locomotion across the various groups

Divided into:
Flagellar Amoeboid movement

Ciliary
02
CLASSIFICATION
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION

Four classes: Based on their locomotion and type of reproduction

AMOEBAE
(SARCODINA)
The characteristic ameboid shape, use
pseudopods (temporary arm-like projection) to
move around

Entamoeba, Naegleria & Acanthamoeba

FLAGELLATES
(MASTIGOPHORA)
Have one or more flagella (whip-like
appendages)

°Intestinal & genitourinary: Giardia &

Trichomonas
°Penetrate blood & tissue: Trypanosoma &
Leishmania
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION

Four classes: Based on their locomotion and type of reproduction

CILITATES
Have cilia distributed in rows or in localized
zones and each individual has two types of
nuclei (Macro & Micronucleus)

In humans: Balantidium coli

SPOROZOA
(APICOMPLEXA)

Lack organs of motility (glide)

Reproductive phases alternate between
sexual and asexual

Cryptosporidium (Cyclospora cayetanensis

&  Toxoplasma gondii)
INFECTION TABLE
CLASSIFICATION BY HONIGBERG

Locomotor
organelles: cilia

All parasitic Nucleus: two

(macro/micro)
Spores have several
Exclusively cells w/one or more
endoparasites polar filaments
Locomotor organelles:
pseudopodia or flagella Locomotor
organelles: absent Given by the Committee
Nucleus: single type on Taxonomy and
Nucleus: single type Taxonomic Problems of the
No spore formation Society of Protozoologists
Spores usually
present
03
IDENTIFICATION
IDENTIFICATION

They are distinguished To obtain an accurate

by:
 Structural diagnosis;
features
 Parasite detection
 Means of locomotion  Species identification

Microscopic expertise is essential: can result in false

 Formation of spores
negative results

° low parasite density and/or morphologic variability

° pseudo‐parasites and artefacts

***Gold standard for identification:

demonstration of the causative agent in Molecular biological methods
native material or stained smears Ex. polymerase chain reaction
(PCR)‐based techniques

° Allow identification below the genus

level
IDENTIFICATION

Use of different light

microscopy techniques:

 Photomicrography
 Bright-field
 Dark-field
 Electronic microflash
 Polarized light
 Diaphragm for oblique
lighting
 Phase contrast
IDENTIFICATION
 “If I set out to prove something, I am
no real scientist-- I have to learn to
follow where the facts lead me-- I have
to learn to whip my prejudices...”
—Spallanzani
THANKS!
Does anyone have any
questions?

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REFERNCES
Brooks, G. F., Carroll, K. C., Butel, J. S., Morse, S. A., & Mietzner, T. A. (2011). Microbiologia

Medica de Jawetz, Melnick y Adelberg (25.a ed.). México D.F., México : McGRAW-HILL

INTERAMERICANA EDITORES, S.A. de C.V.

Corliss, J. O. (2001). Protozoan Taxonomy and Systematics. Recuperado de

http://www.higiene.edu.uy/ubp/ubp_files/papers/1-2_Protax.pdf

Diaz, J. M., & Laybourn-Parry, J. (2019, febrero 7). Protozoan. Recuperado 3 de mayo de 2020,

de https://www.britannica.com/science/protozoan/Characteristics-of-locomotion

Walochnik, J., & Aspöck, H. (2012, enero 15). Protozoan Pathogens: Identification. Recuperado

3 de mayo de 2020, de

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470015902.a0001949.pub3