Perencanaan Jaringan Seluler

Case Study: 3G System

Design

Miftadi Sudjai, Ir., MSc., PhD

Telkom University
E-mail: miftadi@telkomuniversity.ac.id
Conditions of 3G Planning
• Planning should meet current standards and demands
and also comply with future requirements.
• Uncertainty of future traffic growth and service
needs.
• High bit rate services require knowledge of coverage
and capacity enhancements methods.
• Real constraints
• Coexistence and co-operation of 2G and 3G for old
operators.
• Environmental constraints for new operators.
• Network planning depends not only on the coverage
but also on load.
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Objectives of the Planning
• Traffic Forecasting:
• To measure the demand on targeted marked so as to allow an
appropriate growth of the Network.
• Coverage:
• To obtain the ability of the network ensure the availability of the service
in the entire service area.
• Capacity:
• To support the subscriber traffic with sufficiently low blocking and delay.
• Quality:
• Linking the capacity and the coverage and still provide the required
QoS.
• Costs:
• To enable an economical network implementation when the service is
established and a controlled network expansion during the life cycle of
the network.

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 Business Planning
• Marketing is responsible the revenue side and must also produce a
traffic forecast.
• The engineering model must translate the traffic forecast into a
network plan and generate the capex and opex numbers to be passed
to the financial model.
• The financial model takes in information from marketing, including key
metrics, revenue forecast, acquisition costs and capex, opex from the
engineering model.
Marketing
Marketing
Model
Model

Engineering
Engineering Model
Model

Finance
Finance
Model
Model

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Financial model
• Capturing all the detail of the customer base dynamics, the financial model
allows the most comprehensive and rigorous approach to forecasting the cost
base and ultimately a valuation.
• The financial model outputs are those used by decision makers at board level and
the financial community.
• The presentation pack produced by the financial model provides a complete
business case, which takes the reader from an analysis of the population through
to a range of valuations.
• The valuation of the business case is the ultimate objective of the suite of
models.

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 The model combines inputs from the marketing and the engineering models with
operating cost assumptions to forecast the financial statements and free cash flow.

Engineering
Engineering Model’s
Model’s Market
Market Forecast
Forecast Operational
Operational Structure,
Structure,
Network
Network Opex
Opex and
and Model
Model Distribution
Distribution Channels,
Channels,
Capex
Capex Forecasts
Forecasts Staffing
Staffing etc.
etc.
Customers and Revenue
Forecasts

Business
Business Planning
Planning
Model
Model
Network Capex and Opex Forecast Operating Cost Assumptions

Profit
Profit Cash
Cash
&
& Loss
Loss Flow
Flow
Balance
Balance
Sheet
Sheet All figures in Nominal Local Currency

Free
Free Cash
Cash Flow
Flow in
in Nominal
Nominal Local
Local Currency
Currency
(Operating Cash Flow less Capital Expenditure)

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 Marketing Model
What
What kind
kind of
of Services
Services
do
do we
we offer?
offer?

How
How many
many customers
customers Revenue
Revenue Forecast
Forecast
do
do we
we have?
have?

How
How much
much are
are they
they
willing to spend?
willing to spend?
Traffic
Traffic Forecast
Forecast

What
What are
are our
our tariffs?
tariffs?

Essentially the question is how many customers are there and what
does the mobile operator has to deliver for the money paid by those
customers.
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Cost and Revenue Structure
End
End User
User Revenue
Revenue

Internet
Internet
Connectivity
Connectivity
Cost
Cost
3G
3G Operator’s
Operator’s 3G
3G Operator’s
Operator’s
Radio
Radio Core
Core Network
Network
Network
Network Cost
Cost 3G
Cost
Cost 3G Operator’s
Operator’s
Hosting
Hosting
Platform
Platform
Revenue
Revenue

End
End User
User Third
Third Party
Party Revenue
Revenue

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The Diversity of 3G Applications and Sources
of Billing Customer Category Application What
What is
is Billed
Customer Category Application Type
Type Billed

•• Telephony,
Telephony, Internet
Internet access,
access, •• Voice
Voice &
& data
data transport
transport
Individual messaging
messaging •• Content
Content
Individual •• Information
Information && Entertainment
Entertainment •• Service
Service rendered
rendered
•• Video Services
Video Services
End
End User
User
•• Corporate
Corporate Intranet
Intranet •• Transport,
Transport, security,
security, application
application development,
development,
Corporate hosting
hosting
Corporate •• Transport,
•• Machine
Machine toto machine
machine Transport, closed
closed user
user group,
group, application
application
•• Direct access
Direct access •• Interconnect
Interconnect
•• Visits
Visits or
or responses
responses •• Hits,
Hits, exposure,
exposure, hosting,
hosting, transport
transport
Advertiser
Advertiser •• Pushing
Pushing targeted
targeted advertisements
advertisements •• Customer
Customer information,
information, transport
transport

•• Content
Content placed
placed on
on portal
portal or
or in
in walled
walled •• Hosting,
Hosting, content
content && customer
customer data
data management,
management,
Content
Content garden, retail outlet
garden, retail outlet transport,
transport, secure transaction, billing &
secure transaction, billing & collection
collection
Third
Third Party
Party Provider
Provider •• Delivery
Delivery of
of push
push content,
content, e.g.
e.g. share
share •• Transport
Transport
price information
price information
•• Sales
Sales transaction
transaction •• Hosting,
Hosting, billing
billing && collection,
collection, secure,
secure, payment,
payment,
E-
E-
Commerce transport
transport
Commerce •• User
Vendor
Vendor
•• Targeting
Targeting information
information atat individuals
individuals User profile
profile information,
information, transport
transport
who fulfil certain criteria
who fulfil certain criteria
•• Interconnect
Interconnect •• Terminating
Terminating traffic
traffic on
on operator’s
operator’s network
network
Other
Other Operator
Operator •• Network
Network capacity,
capacity, e.g.
e.g. MVNO
MVNO •• Transport, co-location
Transport, co-location
•• Roaming
Roaming •• Transport
Transport

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 3G Tariff Dimensions for different
Services Packages
Tariff
Tariff Dimension
Dimension

Access
Access Bit
Bit Rate
Rate Data
Data Free
Free to
to
Application
Application Example
Example Per
Per Event
Event Content
Content
Bandwidth
Bandwidth Guarantee
Guarantee Volume
Volume End-User
End-User

Web-Browsing,
Web-Browsing, Looking
Looking up
up Highly
Highly Relevant
Relevant
Intranet
Intranet Access
Access web-pages
web-pages Relevant
Relevant

Time
Time Sensitive
Sensitive Highly
Highly
Share
Share prices
prices Relevant
Relevant
Information
Information Relevant
Relevant

Streaming
Streaming Video
Video Highly
Highly Highly
Highly
Media
Media Telephony
Telephony Relevant
Relevant Relevant
Relevant

E-mail,
E-mail, Highly
Highly
Messaging
Messaging Relevant
Relevant
telemetry
telemetry Relevant
Relevant

Download
Download Highly
Highly
File
File Transfer
Transfer software
software Relevant
Relevant

Visit
Visit virtual
virtual Highly
Highly
Shopping
Shopping shops
shops Relevant
Relevant

Information
Information // News,
News, Games,
Games, Highly
Highly
Relevant
Relevant
Entertainment
Entertainment Gambling
Gambling Relevant
Relevant

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 Tariff Plans to Suit Market Segments and
Applications.
Customer
Customer Internet
Internet &
& Intranet
Intranet Access
Access Messaging
Messaging Content
Content

Internet
Internet Café
Café model:
model: pay
pay per
per Pay
Pay per
per message
message without
without file
file Subscription
Subscription based
based on
on
day
day when you want to use the
when you want to use the attachment
attachment subscription to content
subscription to content
service
service Bundled
Bundled number
number of of messages
messages Pay
Pay per
per event
event
Mass
Mass Low
Low cost
cost walled
walled garden
garden per
per month
month Pay
Pay per
per use
use for
for user
user pulled
pulled
Market
Market Internet
Internet access with limited
access with limited Free
Free to
to user:
user: 3rd
3rd party
party pays,
pays, content
content
Consumer
Consumer messaging
messaging features
features e.g.
e.g. payment
payment instruction
instruction to
to Free
Free to
to user:
user: 3rd
3rd party
party pays,
pays,
Monthly
Monthly subscription
subscription bank
bank e.g. product information,
e.g. product information,
bank
bank balance
balance

Monthly
Monthly subscription
subscription Bundled
Bundled number
number of
of messages
messages Same
Same as
as for
for mass
mass market
market
Techy
Techy // per month consumers
per month consumers
Small
Small
Business Unlimited
Unlimited messaging
messaging without
without
Business
file
file attachment
attachment
Negotiated
Negotiated annual
annual Negotiated
Negotiated annual
annual Negotiated
Negotiated annual
annual
subscription
subscription subscription
subscription subscription
subscription
Corporate
Corporate

Negotiated
Negotiated annual
annual •• Negotiated
Negotiated Negotiated
Negotiated based
based on
on usage
usage
subscriptions
subscriptions per
per user
user Revenue
Revenue sharing
sharing
Third
Third Party
Party
Wholesale:
Wholesale: Negotiated
Negotiated based
based
on
on overall
overall usage
usage

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Traffic Forecasting
Traffic Forecasting
• Penetration & total subscribers
• Customers, gross adds, churn
• Voice, data and other source of revenues
• User growth yoy up to maturity of the network.
• As initial works to measure the required capacity

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Demographic Anatomy of
Targeted Market (i-th year!)
Total Population 60% With Sufficient Income
100%

70% Old Enough

Addressable Market 42%
to Own
Mobile Phone 80% Expresses Interest:
Potential Demand
33.6% of Population

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Propensity to Adopt Mobile Comm. by Age
example from Western European country: Age is an important discriminator.

Propensity to Adopt by Age

80%

70% y = -0.0106x + 0.9686

2
R = 0.9333
60%
Potential Adopters
50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
17 27 37 47 57 67 77
Age of Potentail Adopters

A Western European country, sample 1,000 interviews 1997

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Correlation between propensity to adopt mobile & income example
lower income country: Income matters.
Propensity to Adopt Cellular by Income
60%

y = 0.0852x + 0.0471
50% 2
Potential Adopters in Sample R = 0.9818
40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
<30 30-50 50-70 70-90 90-110 >110
Monthly Net Income

A Far Eastern country, sample 1,500 interviews 1996

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 Penetration Growth
 The potential demand 60%

assumptions should be Potential Demand Ceiling

linked to changing 50%

Penetration of Population
demographic patterns
40%
and changes in income.
 The potential demand 30%

sets a penetration
ceiling, conceptually the 20%

maximum potential
penetration is the level 10%

at which the service life

0%

2011

2013
2002
2003

2010

2012
1998
1999
1995
1996
1997

2000
2001

2004

2009
2008
2005
2006
2007
cycle curve reaches its
upper limit.
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05/07/2020
Number of Subsc. (Million)

20
40
60
80
100
120

0%
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 2005
2006
Growth of Subscribers

2007
2008
Saturation Level

2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
18
Traffic Growth
240
Saturation Level

200

Offered Traffic (kErl)

160

120

80

40

0%

2003
2001
2002
2000

2004

2008

2010
2009

2013
1999

2005
2006
1998

2007

2011
2012
1995
1996
1997

• e.g voice traffic/user = 27 mErl which comprises 80% of total traffic, Data
traffic/user = 10 mErl which is the rest of total traffic. Combined average
generated traffic per user is 23.1 mErl.
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The Traffic Data from the Marketing Model Drives
Network Dimensioning.
• Because the model is intended to be used in the business-planning
phase, it is essential that a range of scenarios can be evaluated
rapidly.
• The impact of varying, for example, different tariffs can be calculated
instantly.
• The engineering model can run completely in the background so that
business planners can run scenarios without recourse to engineering.

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The Engineering Model covers Capex and
Opex for 2G and 3G Networks.
• The capex and opex part of the 3G Mobile Toolkit covers the
technical aspects, including capital and operational expenditures.
• The scope of the 3G engineering model includes dimensioning
and costing for the following elements:
• Radio network
• Core network & interconnect
• Server network

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ENGINEERING
MODEL
What’s New on 3G
• Multiservice environment:
• Highly sophisticated radio interface.
• Bit rates from 8 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s, also variable rate.
• Cell coverage and service design for multiple services:
• different bit rate
• different QoS requirements.
• Various radio link coding/throughput adaptation schemes.
• Interference averaging mechanisms:
• need for maximum isolation between cells.
• “Best effort” provision of packet data.
• Intralayer handovers

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What’s New on 3G
• Air interface:
• Capacity and coverage coupled.
• Fast power control.
• Planning a soft handover overhead.
• Cell dominance and isolation
• Vulnerability to external interference

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What’s New on 3G
• 2G and 3G:
• Co-existence of 2G and 3G sites.
• Handover between 2G and 3G systems.
• Service continuity between 2G and 3G.

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3G (WCDMA) Radio Network
Planning Process

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Number of Cell Calculation – based on Capacity Planning
  𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 =
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
  𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
Examplae of 4G Traffic Forecasting
Penetration Number of Traffi c Forecasting
No Tahun Pop. Growth Number of Cell Remarks
Growth Subscriber (Mbps)
a b c d f g h i
Pn=(Po+1)^n =dx f = f x 0.5 x OBQ in BHCA = g / Cell capacity Each user generate 128 kbps in BHCA
0 2017 1,500,000 10% 150,000 9,600 48 50% Subscribers active during BHCA
1 2018 1,522,500 12.00% 182,700 11,693 58 4G Cell Capacity (Throuhput) = 200 Mbps
2 2019 1,568,518 14.40% 225,867 14,455 72
3 2020 1,640,165 17.30% 283,420 18,139 91
4 2021 1,740,811 20.70% 360,975 23,102 116
5 2022 1,875,348 24.90% 466,647 29,865 149
6 2023 2,050,587 29.90% 612,302 39,187 196
7 2024 2,275,833 35.80% 815,472 52,190 261
8 2025 2,563,709 43.00% 1,102,348 70,550 353
9 2026 2,931,320 51.60% 1,512,496 96,800 484
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05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 28
1st. Coverage
• coverage regions;
• area type information:
• Dense Urban, Urban, sub-urban, or rural
• propagation conditions:
• Indoor, outdoor

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Radio Link Budgets (WCDMA)
• There are some WCDMA-specific parameters in the link budget
that are not used in a TDMA-based:
• Interference margin:
• it is needed due to the traffic loading of the cell. The more loading is
allowed, the larger is the interference margin needed in the uplink, and
the smaller is the coverage area. Typical values for the interference margin
are 1.0–3.0 dB, corresponding to 20–50% Cell loading.
• Fast fading margin (power control headroom):
• Some headroom is needed in MS TX power for maintaining adequate
closed loop fast power control to be able to effectively compensate the
fast fading. Typical values for the fast fading margin are 2.0–5.0 dB for
slow-moving MS.
• Soft handover gain:
• Soft handover gives an additional macro diversity gain against fast fading
by reducing the required Eb/No relative to a single radio link. The soft
handover gain is assumed between 2.0 and 3.0 dB

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05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 31
 Link Budget- Fundamental of

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Link Budget- 3G/4G Downlink
Budget

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Link Budget- 3G/4G Uplink Budget

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RLB: Assumptions for MS and BS

MS

BS

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 Example of WCDMA RLB for
Voice
Link budget of AMR 12.2 kbps voice service (120 km/h, in-car users,
Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)

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 Example of WCDMA RLB for
Data
Link budget of 144 kbps real-time data service (3 km/h, indoor user
covered by outdoor BS, Vehicular A type channel, with soft handover)

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Cell range calculation

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RLB: Okumura-Hatta Model

 The propagation model describes the average signal propagation in

an environment, and it converts the maximum allowed propagation
loss in dB on the row u to the maximum cell range in kilometres.

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Maximum and Average Path Loss in
Macro Cells

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Cell Range
• From the RLB above, the cell range R can be
calculated. e.g with the Okumura–Hata propagation
model for an urban macro cell with base station
antenna height of 30 m, mobile antenna height of 1.5
m and carrier frequency of 1950 MHz:
L = 137.4 + 35.2 log10 (Rkm) …..Urban

L = 129.4 + 35.2 log10 (Rkm) …Sub-Urban

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Cell Range
• From RLB above, MAPL for 12.2 kbps voice service is
141.9 dB:
• Urban: Rcell = 1.34 km
• Sub-urban: Rcell = 2.27 km
• For 144 kbps data service with MAPL = 133.8 dB:
• Urban: Rcell = 0.79 km
• Sub-urban: Rcell = 1.33 km

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Number of Cell Calculation – based on
Coverage Planning

𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍
  𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂=𝟐. 𝟔 𝑹 𝟐 𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍
  𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂=𝟏 . 𝟗𝟓 ×𝟐 . 𝟔 𝑹𝟐
  𝑺𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 =
𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 43
2nd. Capacity
• Spectrum availability;
• Subscriber growth forecast;
• Traffic density information to estimate the amount of supported
traffic per base station site.

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3th. Quality of Service
• Area location probability (coverage probability);
• Blocking probability;
• End user throughput.

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3G W-CDMA Capacity (1)

05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 46
3G W-CDMA Capacity (2)

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Uplink Load Factor
• Load Factor:

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Downlink Load Factor

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Noise Rise Capacity
• The load equation predicts the amount
of noise rise over thermal noise due to
interference.
• The noise rise is equal to -10log10(1 –
hUL).
• The interference margin on row i in the
link budget must be equal to the
maximum planned noise rise.

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 Example (DL) Load Factor
Calculation
1. Assume the required aggregate cell throughput in kbps. Through-put is equal
to the number of users Nx(bit rate R)x(1 - BLER).
2. Calculate load factor DL from Equation above.
3. Calculate average path loss from RLB.
4. Calculate maximum path loss by adding 6 dB.

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Maximum Path Loss Calculations
for Data Transmission

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Capacity vs Coverage

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Base Station Transmission Power
• The minimum required transmission power for each user is determined by
the average attenuation between base station transmitter and mobile
receiver, L, and the mobile receiver sensitivity, in the absence of multiple
access interference (intra- or inter-cell). Then the effect of noise rise due to
interference is added to this minimum power and the total represents the
transmission power required for a user at an ‘average’ location in the cell.
Mathe-matically, the total base station transmission power can be expressed
by the followingequation:

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Effect of BS TX Power to DL Capacity
and Coverage

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Capacity per Subscriber
• Capacity depends on AMR rate (voice) and data rate
for the associated Eb/No.
• e.g. 5 MHz W-CDMA carrier capacity is 800 kbps/cell
or 80 voice channels/cell, Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA) carrier capacity is 2000 kbps/cell.
• Cell capacity utilisation is 80% during busy hours;
• Busy hour carries 20 % of daily traffic.
• 1000 subscribers per site;
• 3 sectors per site, 2 carrier (i.e 10MHz), Config. 2+2+2

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Capacity per Subscriber
• Uplink:

• Equivalent with 1725 minutes/Subc./month

• Downlink Packet Access:
• 650 MB/Subc./Month
• With split 50/50, we get 325 MB + 862 min/subc./month

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Typical Capacity of W-CDMA
 Capacities per km2 with macro and micro layers in an urban area

05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 58
Number of Cell Calculation – based on Capacity Planning
  𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍 =
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝑪𝒆𝒍𝒍
𝑪𝒂𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚
  𝑫𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑺𝒆𝒓𝒗𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒄𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈
Examplae of 4G Traffic Forecasting
Penetration Number of Traffi c Forecasting
No Tahun Pop. Growth Number of Cell Remarks
Growth Subscriber (Mbps)
a b c d f g h i
Pn=(Po+1)^n =dx f = f x 0.5 x OBQ in BHCA = g / Cell capacity Each user generate 128 kbps in BHCA
0 2017 1,500,000 10% 150,000 9,600 48 50% Subscribers active during BHCA
1 2018 1,522,500 12.00% 182,700 11,693 58 4G Cell Capacity (Throuhput) = 200 Mbps
2 2019 1,568,518 14.40% 225,867 14,455 72
3 2020 1,640,165 17.30% 283,420 18,139 91
4 2021 1,740,811 20.70% 360,975 23,102 116
5 2022 1,875,348 24.90% 466,647 29,865 149
6 2023 2,050,587 29.90% 612,302 39,187 196
7 2024 2,275,833 35.80% 815,472 52,190 261
8 2025 2,563,709 43.00% 1,102,348 70,550 353
9 2026 2,931,320 51.60% 1,512,496 96,800 484
05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 59
Iteration of Capacity and Coverage
Calculations

05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 60
Case Study: Planning in Espoo, Finland
• Please refer to:
Hari Holma & Antti Toskala, “WCDMA for UMTS”, 3rd
Ed., John Wiley & Son, 2004, p.210 – 214.
• Course Work: Make a resume from that section!
Submit due to the end of Semester (before UAS).

05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 61
Network Optimisation
• Network optimisation is a process to improve the overall network
quality as experienced by the mobile subscribers and to ensure
that network resources are used efficiently. Optimisation includes:
1. Performance measurements.
2. Analysis of the measurement results.
3. Updates in the network configuration and parameters.

05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 62
Network Optimisation Process

05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 63
Network Performance Measurements

05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 64
Network Tuning with Antenna Tilts

05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 65
 GSM - WCDMA Co-Planning
• Utilisation of existing base station sites is important in speeding up WCDMA
deployment and in sharing sites and transmission costs with the existing GSM
networks. The feasibility of sharing sites depends on the relative coverage of the
existing network compared to WCDMA. Typical maximum path losses with existing
GSM and with WCDMA:

05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 66
Co-siting of GSM and WCDMA
• Since the coverage of WCDMA typically is satisfactory when reusing
GSM sites, GSM site reuse is the preferred solution in practice.
• The co-siting of GSM and WCDMA is taken into account in 3GPP
performance requirements and the interference between the systems
can be avoided.
• Co-sited WCDMA and GSM systems can share the antenna when a dual
band or wideband antenna is used. The antenna needs to cover both
the GSM band and UMTS band. GSM and WCDMA signals are combined
with a diplexer to the common antenna feeder.
• The shared antenna solution is attractive from the site solution point of
view but it limits the flexibility in optimising the antenna directions of
GSM and WCDMA independently.
• Another co-siting solution is to use separate antennas for the two
networks. That solution gives full flexibility in optimising the networks
separately.

05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 67
Co-siting of GSM and WCDMA

05/07/2020 MJI/SISKOMBER/09-05 68
 Wireless Communication Systems
Case Study: Perencanaan Jaringan Seluler

Faculty of Electrical and Communication

Institut Teknologi Telkom
Bandung
Tujuan
→ Mengetahui model perencanaan jaringan
yang optimum
→ Dapat memberikan pengembangan untuk
layanan seluler di masa yang akan datang
→ Dapat meminimalisasi kesalahan ataupun
kerugian yang dapat dialami suatu
perusahaan setelah operasional

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 1.Data Awal Perencanaan
Pada kasus ini, akan dibangun jaringan 3G W-CDMA di 7 kecamatan di
Kota Bandung, dengan data sebagai berikut:
 
Kecamatan Luas Wilayah (km2) Jumlah Penduduk
(Jiwa)
Cibeunying Kidul 780 Ha 85.704 Jiwa
Arcamanik 641,044 Ha 69.924 Jiwa
Cicadas 1.035 Ha 84.196 Jiwa
Kiaracondong 400,5 Ha 71.108 Jiwa
Ujung Berung 1.403 Ha 71.832 Jiwa
Cibiru 1.079 Ha 68.268 Jiwa
Batununggal 551,42 Ha 34.148 Jiwa
TOTAL 5.889.964 Ha 485.180 Jiwa
58 km2
Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
Data kependudukannya adalah sebagai berikut:

Income per kapita

> Rp. 20 juta per
Usia : % dari populasi: tahun:
0 – 14 th 18% 10 %
15 – 55 th 70 % 80 %
55 keatas 12 % 10 %

3G adalah 2 x 5 MHz pada blok pertama frekuensi

UMTS yaitu uplink 5 MHz (1920-1970) dan downlink
juga 5 MHz (2100-2105).

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 Jumlah Pelanggan Potensial
Sebuah jaringan 3G WCDMA akan digelar di bagian kota Bandung
Timur yang berpenduduk 485.180 jiwa dengan luas area 58 km2 .
Struktur topografinya adalah sebagai berikut:

VII VI
Persawahan,, pepohonan Pabrik-pabrik & area
industri

II I III
Perumahan, Perkantoran, Pusat Perumahan,
Sekolah perbelanjaan, town sekolah
square

IV V
Perumahan, Sekolah Pabrik-pabrik & area
industri

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 Data Daerah Pendefenisian Wilayah 7 Kecamatan di wilayah Bandung Timur :

Luas : 58 km2
Pembagian daerah :
Daerah I (urban) : Perkantoran, Pusat perbelanjaan, town square.
Luas totalnya adalah 12 km2
Daerah II (Sub urban I) : Perumahan, Sekolah.
Luas totalnya adalah 7 km2
Daerah III (Sub urban II) : Perumahan, Sekolah.
Luas totalnya adalah 7 km2
Daerah IV (Sub urban III) : Perumahan, Sekolah.
Luas totalnya adalah 6 km2
Daerah V (Sub urban IV) : Pabrik-pabrik & area industri.
Luas totalnya adalah 7 km2
Daerah VI (Sub urban V) : Pabrik-pabrik & area industri.
Luas totalnya adalah 8 km2
Daerah VII (Rural) : ( Open Area : Persawahan, perkebunan, pepohonan, jalan tol)
Luas totalnya adalah 11 km2
 
Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 2. Traffic Forecasting
(Perencanaan kapasitas dan cakupan)

Perancangan dibawah dilakukan dengan asumsi :

1. Hanya usia 15-55 tahun yang memiliki handset 3G W-CDMA. Selain itu
dianggap tidak memberikan trafik.
2. Distribusi market pada daerah perencanaan adalah sebagai berikut:
Urban : 40 %
Suburban I : 18 %
Suburban II : 15 %
Suburban III: 11 %
Suburban IV: 6 %
Suburban V : 5 %
Rural :5%
Presentase pengguna layanan suara dan data
3. Layanan suara 70 %
4.Layanan data 30 %
5.Faktor pertumbuhan pelanggan dengan asumsi : 0,3
6.Pelanggan GSM sebesar 75 % dari total penduduk produktif (15-55 tahun).
 
Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 Tabel Perkiraan Pertumbuhan Pelanggan
Pelanggan Handset Pelanggan 3G-
Tahun ke Tahun
GPRS/GSM Dual Mode WCDMA
0 2010 254.719 0% -
1 2011 331.135 3% 9934
2 2012 430.475 10% 43047
3 2013 559.618 30% 167885

Dengan rumus pertambahan penduduk sebagai berikut

Un  Uo1  Fp 
n

Dimana :
Uo = Jumlah user saat perencanaan (jiwa)
n = Jumlah tahun prediksi (1,2 dan 3 tahun)
Fp = Faktor pertumbuhan pelanggan (asumsi : 0.3 )
 

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 Berdasarkan hasil asumsi, diperoleh estimasi jumlah pelanggan WCDMA
untuk beberapa tahun ke depan yaitu :
U1 =9934 pelanggan
U2=43047 pelanggan
U3 =167885 pelanggan

Peramalan jumlah pelanggan GSM/GPRS di 7 Kecamatan Bandung Timur

Tahun Jumlah pelanggan di tiap daerah

ke 3 I II III IV V VI VII

% 40 % 18 % 15 % 11 % 6% 5% 5%

jumlah 67.154 30.219 25.183 18.467 10.073 8.394 8.394

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 Estimasi kebutuhan trafik
Klasifikasi layanan yang akan digunakan pada teknologi 3G dapat dilihat pada tabel :

Bit Rate User Tiap Layanan

Net User Bit Rate

Service Type Uplink (Kbps) Downlink (Kbps)

Voice 12.2 12.2

Data 144 144

Tingkat Penetrasi Layanan Tiap Daerah

Penetration Rates (%)

Service Type Urban Suburban

Voice 70 70

Data 30 30

BusyPenetration
Hour CallRates
Attempt
(%) (BHCA)
Busy Hour Call Attempt (BHCA)

Service Type Urban Suburban

Voice 0.9 0.8

Data 0.1 0.05

Modul 14 - Perencanaan Busy Hour Call Attempt (BHCA)
Jaringan Seluler
 Durasi Panggilan

Call duration

Service Type Urban Suburban

Voice 60 60

Data 300 300

Call duration

Faktor Aktivasi
Activity factor

service type Uplink (kbps) downlink (kbps)

Voice 0.5 0.5

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Data 1 1
Jaringan Seluler
 Perhitungan offered bit quantity (OBQ) tiap daerah

Untuk menentukan total kebutuhan trafik yang dibutuhkan tiap daerah, maka
haruslah di tentukan parameter-parameter yang dapat menentukan jumlah bit di
antrafik yang akan muncul pada tiap daerah.
OBQ = σ x p x d x BHCA x BW
Dimana :
σ : kepadatan pelanggan potensial dalam suatu daerah [user/km 2]
p : penetrasi pengguna tiap layanan
d : lama panggilan efektif [s]
BHCA : Busy Hour Call Attempt [call/s]
BW : bandwidth tiap layanan [Kbps]
 Jumlah sel yang diperlukan dapat dicari denga persamaan :
Luas Area Pelayanan
Jumlah sel = Luas Cakupan Sel UMTS

Luas cakupan sel yang berbentuk heksagonal dapat ditentukan dengan persamaan di
bawah ini : Luas sel = 2.6 . r2
Dimana
Modul 14 - rPerencanaan
adalah radius sel.
Jaringan Seluler
1. Daerah I (Urban) pada 7 Kecamatan Bandung Timur
Dari bagian sebelumnya telah diketahui bahwa :
67.154 pelanggan 3G W-CDMA
Luas = 12 km2
Kepadatan User/km2 = 67.154 user / 12 km2 = 5.596 user / km2
σ x p x d x BHCA x BW (bps/km2)
Hasil Perhitungan OBQ Daerah I
Service User/km
2
Penetrasi Lama BHCA BW Lay.

Type Layanan Pang (Kbps)

Efektif

(s)

Voice 5.596 0.80 100 0.9 12,2

Data 5.596 0.20 400 0,1 144

Vehicular total = 11.362.118

Kbit/hour/km2
 
Modul 14 - Perencanaan =
Jaringan Seluler
3.156,14 Kbps/km2
 2. Daerah II (Sub Urban I)
Dari bagian sebelumnya telah diketahui bahwa :
30.219 pelanggan 3G W-CDMA
Luas = 7 km2
Kepadatan User /km2 = 30.219 user / 7 km2 = 4.317 user / km2
Hasil Perhitungan OBQ Daerah II
Service User/km2 Penetrasi Lama Pang BHCA BW Lay.

Type Layanan Efektif (s) (Kbps)

Voice 4.317 0.80 90 0.8 12,2

Data 4.317 0.20 250 0.05 144

Vehicular total = 4.587.762,24 Kbit/hour/km 2

= 1.274,37 Kbps/km2

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 3. Daerah VIII (Rural)
Dari bagian sebelumnya telah diketahui bahwa
8.394 pelanggan 3G W-CDMA
Luas = 11 km2
Kepadatan User /km2 = 8.394 user / 11 km2 = 763 user / km2
Hasil Perhitungan OBQ daerahVI
Service User/km2 Penetrasi Lama BHCA BW Lay. layanan

Type Layanan Pang (Kbps)

Efektif

(s)
223.406,4
Voice 763 0.80 60 0,5 12,2
32.961,6
Data 763 0.20 150 0,01 144

Vehicular total = 256.368 Kbit/hour/km2

 
= 810,21 Kbps/km2

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 3. Cell Dimensioning
1. Daerah Urban
Jumlah sel yang dibutuhkan di daerah urban untuk satu frekuensi carier adalah
Luas cakupan satu sel ⁼ Kapasitas informasi tiap sel
Offerred Bit Quantity (OBQ)
⁼ 2100 Kbps/sel
3.156,14 Kbps/km²
⁼ 0.66 km²/sel

∑ sel ⁼ Luas area urban

Luas cakupan satu sel
⁼ 12 Km2
0,66 Km2/sel
⁼
LuasSel
17,18 sel = 18 sel
2,59
R sel ⁼

Sehingga radius setiap sel Rsel = 0,5 km

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
2. Daerah Suburban I
Jumlah sel yang dibutuhkan di daerah sub urban untuk 1 frekuensi carrier
adalah

Luas cakupan satu sel ⁼ Kapasitas informasi tiap sel

Offerred Bit Quantity (OBQ)
⁼ 2100 Kbps/sel
1.274,37 Kbps/km²
⁼ 1,64 km²/sel
∑ sel ⁼ Luas area urban
Luas cakupan satu sel
⁼ 6 km2
LuasSel
,59 Km /sel
21,64
2

⁼ 3,26 sel = 4 sel

Rsel ⁼

Sehingga radius setiap sel Rsel = 0,79 km

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
3. Daerah Rural
Jumlah sel yang dibutuhkan di daerah sub urban untuk 1 frekuensi carrier adalah

Luas cakupan satu sel ⁼ Kapasitas informasi tiap sel

Offerred Bit Quantity (OBQ)
⁼ 2100 Kbps/sel
2,59 Kbps/km²
⁼ 1,64 km²/sel
∑ sel ⁼ Luas area urban
Luas cakupan satu sel
⁼ 11 km2
2,59 Km2/sel
⁼ 4,25 sel = 5 sel
LuasSel
2,59

Rsel ⁼

Sehingga radius setiap sel Rsel = 1 km

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 4. Radio Link Budget

• a. Reverse Link Budget

Berdasarkan pada table link budget , diketahui bahwa:

Allowable path loss untuk layanan voice 12,2 Kbps adalah sebesar 141,9 dB
Allowable path loss untuk layanan data 144 Kbps adalah sebesar 133,8 dB

Perhitungan path loss maksimum di 7 Kecamatan Bandung Timur untuk daerah

urban akan digunakan model propagasi Cost 231 Walfish-Ikegami. Sedangkan
untuk daerah Suburban dan Rural akan digunakan model propagasi Cost 231.
Frekuensi pembawa yang akan digunakan pada arah reverse adalah 1950 Mhz.

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 1. Daerah Urban
Perhitungan path loss maksimum pada daerah ini akan menggunakan model Cost 231 Walfisch-
Ikegami dengan parameter :
Frekuensi carrier, f = 1950 Mhz
Radius sel, d = 0,66 km
Tinggi mobile unit, hm = 1,6 m
Tinggi antena BTS, hb = 30 m
Tinggi atap gedung/rumah, hr = ( tinggi satu lantai x jumlah lantai) + tinggi atap
= (3 x 2) + 3
=9m
Jarak antar gedung/rumah, b = 5 m
Lebar jalan, w = 5 m
Incident angle relative to the street, Ø = 90o
Δhm = hr – hm = 9 – 1,6 = 7,4 m
Δhb = hb - hr = 30 – 9 = 21 m
Lo = 4 – 0,114 (Ø – 55o) (dB) untuk : 55o≤Ø ≤90o. Sehingga Lo = 0,01 dB
Lbsh = - 18 log (1 + Δhb) , untuk hb > hr. Sehingga Lbsh = - 24,16 dB
Ka = 54 untuk Δhb > 0
Kd = 18 untuk hb ≥ hr . Sehingga Kd = 18
Kf = -4 + 0,66 [(f/925) -1], untuk kota menengah dengan kerapatan pohon sedang. Sehingga K f = -
3,13
Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
Persamaan model Cost 231 Walfisch-Ikegami :

LCWI = Lbuilding = Lfs + Lrts + Lms (dB)

Dimana :
Lfs = Free space loss
Lrts = Rooftop to street diffraction and scatter loss
Lms = Multiscreen (multiscatter) loss
Untuk Free space loss (Lfs) :
Lfs = 32,4 + 20 log d (km) + 20 log f (MHz)
= 32,4 + 20 log 0,5 + 20 log 1950
= 92,2 dB
Untuk Rooftop to street diffraction and scatter loss (Lrts) :
Lrts = - 16,9 – 10log w + 10log f + 20log Δhm + Lo (dB)
= - 16,9 – 10log 5 + 10log 1950 + 20log 7,4 + 0,01
= 26,40 dB
Untuk Multiscreen (multiscatter) loss (Lms):
Lms = Lbsh + ka + kd log d + kf log f – 9 log b (dB)
= - 24,16 + 54 + 18 log 0,5 - 3,22 log 1950 – 9 log 5
= 7,5dB
Sehingga total path loss pada daerah Building (Lbuilding total):
Lbuilding total = Lfs + Lrts + Lms (dB) = 92,2 + 26,40 + 7,5
= 126,1 dB
 
Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
2. Daerah Sub Urban ( Daerah II)
Perhitungan path loss maksimum pada daerah ini akan menggunakan model Cost
231 Hatta dengan persamaan

LCH = 46,3 + 33,9 log f – 13,82 log hb + (44,9 – 6,55log hb)log d + c (dB)
Frekuensi carrier, f = 1950 Mhz
Radius sel, d = 0,828 km
Tinggi mobile unit, hm = 1,6 m
Tinggi antena BTS, hb = 40m
Parameter c untuk daerah pedestrian c = -15
Sehingga total path loss nya adalah :
LCH = 46,3 + 33,9 log 1950– 13,82 log 40+ (44,9 – 6,55log 40)log 0,828 + (-15)
= 117,87dB
 

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
3. Daerah Rural
Perhitungan path loss maksimum pada daerah ini akan menggunakan
model Cost 231 Hata dengan persamaan
LCH = 46,3 + 33,9 log f – 13,82 log hb + (44,9 – 6,55log hb)log d + c
(dB)
Frekuensi carrier, f = 1950 Mhz
Radius sel, d = 1 km
Tinggi mobile unit, hm = 1,6 m
Tinggi antena BTS, hb = 40m
Parameter c untuk daerah pedestrian c = -15
Sehingga total path loss nya adalah :
LCH = 46,3 + 33,9 log 1950– 13,82 log 40+ (44,9 – 6,55log 40)log 1 + (-15)
= 120,7 dB

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 5.Tabel hasil Perencanaan
Prediksi jumlah pelanggan layanan 3G W-CDMA pada tahun 2013 di 7 Kecamatan Bandung
Timur adalah 65.910 pelanggan.

Tabel Hasil perencanaan jaringan radio

Variabel I II III IV V VI VII
Tipe lokasi Urban Suburban Rural

Luas daerah

(km2) 12 7 7 6 7 8 11

Kepadatan

pelanggan (user/

km2) 67154 4317 3597 3078 1439 1349 1076

OBQ (kbps/ km2) 3156,14 1274,37 1061,83 1044,78 1217,78 1018,7 810,21
Luas sel
(km2/sel) 0,66 1,64 1,97 2 1,72 1,32 2,59

Jumlah sel 18 4 4 3 4 1 5

Jari-jari sel (km) 0,19 0,64 0,7 0,8 0,65 1,14 0,71

Tinggi antenna

BTS (m) 30 40 40 40 40 40 40

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
 6.Pendimensian sel

Karena tiap BTS menggunakan alokasi 2 x 5 MHz maka bit rate maksimum 2 Mbps untuk downlink dan
uplink. Jumlah site di 7 Kecamatan Bandung bagian timur = 39 site.
Asumsi digunakan BTS dengan antena sectoral 120 derajat sehingga setiap BTS dapat menghandel 3 site.
Maka jumlah BTS yang diperlukan adalah minimal 13 BTS.
Daerah I dapat hanya menggunakan 6 buah BTS yang seharusnya 18 BTS, dimana dengan dibuat 3 BTS
sudah mampu mengcover jangkauan dari Daerah I yang ada.

Modul 14 - Perencanaan
Jaringan Seluler
Thank You