AP World History

1750 – 1914 Overview

(Periodization Question:
Why 1750 –1914?)
Industrialization changed Production
 Britain was the center ( geography, distribution of coal and iron, demographic
changes/urbanization, B. entrepreneurialism access to foreign resources through colonialism, capitalism)

 Factories and fossil fuel-based machines

 Colonialism = search for raw materials &
markets – new patterns of trade, capitalism
and “New Imperialism” (China, India)
 IR contributed to decline of agriculturally-
based economies
 Mining imp – gold/silver/diamonds ( S. Africa,)
 Changes in Global Commerce,
Communication and Technology
 Modes of Transportation/ communication
 Impact of railroad, steam, telegraph
 Suez Canal, Panama Canal
 Changes in Global Commerce,
Communication and Technology
 Industrial Revolution: Financial Institutions, Responses
 Rationale of capitalism – Adam Smith, laissez-faire
 Stock market expansion, transnational businesses
 Impact of I.R. on family and work
 Relationship of nations during I.R.
Have/have-not’s, nation response (Egypt,
China vs. Japan, Meiji reforms)
 Intellectual responses to I.R. – Marxism,
socialism, utopianism, unions
- govt’s create state pensions, suffrage, education
 Power loom

Fatcat Milltown
Miner Streetchildren
Demographic/Environmental Changes
 Migration – Immigration
 Why?
 Where?

Global Urbanization

Women take new roles

Migrant Males (labor)

Prejudice, racism & laws

(Chinese Exclusion Act)

New transplant culture – think IS DBQ, Chinese & railroads,

convict labor in Australia
Demographic and Environmental
Changes
 End of Atlantic Slave Trade – capitalism and
Indentured servitude, voluntary migration
 New Birthrate Patterns
 Disease prevention

and eradication
 Food Supply
 Population RISES
Changes in Social and Gender
Structure
 Industrial Revolution – women working and
then VICTORIAN ERA: at home
 Commercial developments
 Tension between work patterns and ideas about
gender
 Emancipation of Serfs

Slaves
 Suffrage
Changes in Social and Gender
Structure
 Women’s emancipation movements
European women 19th century

Queen Victoria’s
family

British family
in India

Russian peasant family

 Nationalism, Revolution, Reform
 Enlightenment thought – political & individual rights &
freedoms (Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke, Montesquieu) – REVOLUTIONS!
 New documents (Declaration of Independence, Declaration of Rights of Man)
 Abolition of slavery, expanded suffrage
 Development of nationalism (language, religion, culture, tdentiity byt erritory)
 Revolutions in Americas led to New Imperialism
 Anti-colonial movements (Boxer Rebellion) led to reforms (Tanzimat,
Self-strengthening movements) and new ideologies (socialism, communism)

 Europeans “self-superiority” – conservatism, new

imperialism, social darwinism
 Women’s Rights (Seneca Falls, Declaration of the Rights of Women, Wollstonecraft)
Political Revolutions and
Independence Movements
 Revolutions
 Why Revolution now?
 Where?
 United States (1776)
 France (1789)

 Haiti (1803)

 Mexico (1910)

 China (1911)
Political Revolutions and
Independence Movements
 Latin American Independence Movements
 Why?

Simon Bolivar
Political Revolutions and
Independence Movements
Haitian Revolution Toussaint
L’Ouverture
Political Revolutions and
Independence Movements
Mexican Revolution
Political Revolutions and
Independence Movements
Dr. Sun Yat Sen
Chinese Revolution

Manchus
New Political Ideas
 Rise of Nationalism
 Growth of Nation-states/ empires
New Political Ideas
 Movements of Political Reform ag. Govt.
 Jacobins in France
 Taiping Rebellion in China
New Political Ideas
 Rise of Democracy and its limitations
 Reform
 Women
 Racism
 Social Darwinism
 Herbert Spencer
Rise of Western Dominance, New
Imperialism & Nation-States
 Imperialism/Colonialism:
WHY:3 G’s; economic, national pride, social just.
HOW: Use of force, technology, cures, take
advantage of African rivalries
Changes: “Old” (colonialism) to New Imperialism
ie. African continent, much of Asia, and Oceania
 Ethiopia, Liberia and Siam are the only independent
countries
Imperialism & Nation-State Reaction
 Industrial powers create transoceanic empires – British
(India), Dutch (Indonesia), American and Japan
 Use of warfare & diplomacy to create empires
 Europeans establish settler colonies (British in S. Africa, Australia
and New Zealand)
 Economic Imperialism (US and Britain in Latin America, Opium Wars in
China, US influence over Tokugawa Japan leads to Meiji Transformation)

 Anti-Imperial Resistance Movements

 Social Darwinism facilitated and justified imperialism

Social Darwinism, facilitated & justified imperialism

Rise of Western Dominance
Scramble for Africa
Rise of Western Dominance
 Cultural and Political Reactions to western
dominance (reform, resistance, rebellion, racism,
nationalism)
 Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji Restoration
 Russia– Reforms and Rebellions
 Siam and Ethiopia-- defensive modernization
 China--Boxer Rebellion
 Islamic and Chinese responses compared
 Impact of Changing European Ideologies on
Colonial Administrations
Rise of Western Dominance
 Japan– Commodore Perry and Meiji
Restoration
Rise of Western Dominance
 China—Boxer Rebellion
Rise of Western Dominance
 Economic, Political, Social, Cultural, & Artistic
Ottomans in 19th century – attempts
at reform, but “sick man of Europe”
Young Turk
Revolutionaries

The Last
Sultans
CCOT and C&C ideas
 Industrial revolution in western Europe and Japan
(causes and early phases)
 Revolutions (American, French, Haitian,
Mexican, and Chinese)
 Reaction to foreign domination in Ottomans
empire, China, India and Japan.
Comparisons and CCOT
 Nationalism – changes/continuities over time;
compare between regions

 Difference in forms of intervention in 19th century

Latin America and Africa

 Roles and conditions of upper/ middle versus

working/ peasant class women in western Europe
Conclusions
 What are the global processes that are at
play? Which have intensified? Diminished?
 Predict how the events of the 19th century
are a natural culmination of earlier
developments.
 Speculate what historical events in the 19th
century would have most surprised
historians of earlier eras.