EXERGY ANALYSIS OF

RANKINE CYCLE & STPP

Thermodynamics Lab-II Project
2015-ME-05
2015-ME-06
2015-ME-07
2015-ME-08
 Introduction to Exergy
 Capacity of energy to do physical
work.
 The maximum useful work which can
be extracted from a system as it
comes into equilibrium with
environment.
 Exergy analysis is performed not
only to quantify sources of
inefficiencies in a system but also
to indicate quality of energy
 Exergy vs Energy
ENERGY EXERGY
 Energy is conserved, but  Exergy is the energy that
not all that energy is is available to be used.
available to do useful  Exergy is a measure of
work. energy quality.
 Energy is not destroyed,  Exergy is destroyed in
it changes form. transformation
 Energy is an absolute processes.
quantity not defined in  Exergy is defined relative
relevance. to the environment.
 Exergy Analysis
Exergy analysis is simply calculating
the ratio:

o First law efficiency =

Useful Energy Output∕ Total Energy
Input
o Second law efficiency =

Min. Energy Input ∕ Actual Energy

Input
 Exergy Destruction
Equations
  𝑇0
0= 1−
[
𝑇𝑏
𝑄
˙ −𝑊
˙ 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑚
]
˙ ( 𝑒𝑓 1 − 𝑒 𝑓 2 ) − ˙𝐼

where
  𝑣 22 − 𝑣 1 2
𝑒 𝑓 1 − 𝑒 𝑓 2 = ( h2 − h1 ) − 𝑇 0 ( 𝑆 2 − 𝑆1 ) + + 𝑔 ( 𝑧 2 − 𝑧 1)
2
 Ideal Rankine Cycle
1-2 Isentropic compression
in pump

2-3 Isobaric heat addition

in boiler

3-4 Isentropic expansion in

turbine

4-1 Isobaric heat rejection

in condenser
Actual Rankine Cycle
 Exergy Analysis of Actual Rankine
Cycle
 Process 1-2 or Component: PUMP
The above equations reduce to this
form for pump:
2 2
 ˙𝐼 𝑇𝑜 𝑣𝑖𝑛 − 𝑣 𝑜𝑢𝑡
[
𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = 1−
𝑇𝑏
𝑄
]
˙ +𝑊 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 + 𝑚
[
˙ ( h𝑖𝑛 − h𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) − 𝑇 𝑜 ( 𝑆 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡 )+
2 ]

  𝑇

𝜂𝑒𝑥 , 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =1 −
𝐼
˙ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 +
[
1−
𝑇
𝑜

𝑏
] 𝑄
˙

𝑊
˙ 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
 Process 2-3 or Component: BOILER
The equations acquire these forms
for boiler:

  𝑇

𝜂𝑒𝑥 , 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 =1 −
𝐼
[
˙ 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 + 1 −
𝑇
𝑜

𝑏
] 𝑄
˙

𝑚
˙ 𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛

  𝑇𝑜
[
˙𝐼 𝑏𝑜𝑖𝑙𝑒𝑟 = 1−
𝑇𝑏
𝑄
]
˙ +𝑚
˙ [ ( h𝑖𝑛 − h𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) − 𝑇 𝑜 ( 𝑆 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑆 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) ]
 Process 3-4 or Component: TURBINE
For boiler, the equations are reduced
to the following forms:

  𝑇𝑜 𝑣 𝑖𝑛2 − 𝑣 𝑜𝑢𝑡 2
[
˙𝐼 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 = 1 −
𝑇𝑏]𝑄
˙ +𝑚
[
˙ ( h𝑖𝑛 − h𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) − 𝑇 𝑜 ( 𝑆 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑆 𝑜𝑢𝑡 )+
2 ] −𝑊
˙

  𝑇𝑜

𝜂𝑒𝑥 , 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒= 1 −
𝐼
[
˙ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 + 1 −
𝑇𝑏
𝑄
˙
]
𝑚
˙ 𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚
˙ 𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑡
 Process 4-1 or Component:
CONDENSER
These are the modified equations for
condenser:
  𝑇𝑜
[
˙𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 = 1 −
𝑇𝑏 ]
𝑄
˙ +𝑚
˙ [ ( h𝑖𝑛 − h 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) − 𝑇 𝑜 (𝑆 𝑖𝑛 − 𝑆 𝑜𝑢𝑡 ) ]

  𝑇𝑜

𝜂𝑒𝑥 , 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 =1 −
[
˙𝐼 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟 + 1 −
𝑇𝑏
𝑄
˙
]
𝑚
˙ 𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛 +𝑊 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑟
 Information about Considered
Model
 Total Installed Power = 396MW
 At 100% load, power house is a total of
seven steam turbine units (3*33 +
4*66)MW and two gas turbines (14 +
19)MW.
 Fuel: Heavy Fuel Oil
 The diagram of one 66 MW is shown in
the next slide.
 Steam is superheated to 793K and
9.12Mpa.
 Analysis of the Described Model
o The power plant was analyzed using the
above relations.
o The environment reference temperature

and pressure are 298.15 K and 101.3 kPa,

respectively.
o Tables of the thermodynamic properties of

water and air at indicated nodes in figure

above were used.
o Energy balance and exergy balance and

are summarized in tables below.

 Energy Balance
Thermal Efficiency of Unit = 26%
Exergy Balance
 Conclusions
 As it is shown that exergy destruction rate
for boiler = 77% and for condenser= 9%.
 This shows that the processes taking place
in the boiler are most irreversible.
 While the processes in condenser are
closer to ideal.
 The exergy efficiency of the plant is
24.8% , which is relatively low and depicts
tremendous opportunities for improvement.