• Inspection and testing methods for PCBs:

• PCBs are expected to function according to their design parameters with no errors
or failures
• There are various methods of Inspection techniques and Testing methods in order
to find out the flaws of the PCB
• These methods and techniques provide the scrutiny(both Functional and Structural)
of PCB at the various stages of manufacturing
• Two types of inspection techniques: AOI & AXI
• Two types of test methods: ICT & FCT
• Automated Optical Inspection (AOI):
• It’s a type of visual inspection for PCB
• There will be one more still cameras and takes the snapshot of the PCB in all
angles
• Then the system compares the captured images with what the board should look
like according to the design specifications
• AOI systems find problems like nodes/junctions, scratches and stains, as well as
dimensional defects such as open circuits, shorts and thinning of the solder
Advantages:
•Detects many common PCB faults
•Can be deployed inline at several points in the PCB manufacturing process

Disadvantages:
•Limited to “line of sight,” i.e., unable to inspect hidden connections underneath BGAs
and other packages
•Less effective inspecting densely loaded boards because some components and
connections are hidden
• Automated X-Ray Inspection: