METHODS OF RESEARCH

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 What is the
importance of
What is the Research?
importance
of research
in daily life?
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DEVELOPMENT

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 The development of the society from its
simple to complex state will reveal the varied
problems faced by human kind.
 Thus, solutions to problems must be based on
knowledge not on mere beliefs or guesses.

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WHAT IS


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WHAT IS A RESEARCH?
According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie
“Research is a systematic inquiry to describe,
explain, predict, and control the observed
phenomenon. Research involves inductive
and deductive methods.”

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 Inductive research methods are used to analyze an
observed event.
 Deductive methods are used to verify the observed
event.
 Inductive approaches are associated
with qualitative research and deductive methods
are more commonly associated with quantitative
research.

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 Criteria Qualitative Quantitative
Research Research
Purpose To understand & To test hypotheses,
interpret social look at cause &
interactions effect & make
predictions.

Group Smaller & not Larger & randomly

Studied randomly selected selected

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 Criteria Qualitative Research Quantitative Research

Type of Data Words, images or Numbers & statistics

Collected objects
Form of Data Qualitative data such Quantitative data based
Collected as- open-ended on precise
responses, interviews, measurements using
participant structured & validated
observations, data-collection
reflections instruments.
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 Criteria Qualitative Quantitative
Research Research
Final report Narrative report Statistical report
with contextual with correlations,
description & direct comparisons &
quotations from statistical
research significance of
participants findings.
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 PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
Main Purpose: for the preservation and
improvement of the quality of human life.
To satisfy man’s craving for more
understanding, to improve his judgment, to add
to his power, to reduce the burden of work, to
relieve suffering and to increase satisfactions in
multitudinous ways.
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Characteristics of Research
 Accurate– it must give correct or accurate data.
 Objective and unbiased – must deal with facts, not
mere opinions.
 Timely – must work with topic that is fresh, new and
interesting to the present society.
 Relevant – must be instrumental in improving
society or in solving problems affecting the lives of
people in the society.
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Characteristics of Research
 Clear and Concise – must succeed in expressing its central
point or discoveries by using simple, direct, concise and
correct language.
 Systematic – must take place in an organized or orderly
manner.
 Empirical- based on factual data

 Original Work – data gathered from first hand sources.

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 WHAT MAKES A GOOD TOPIC?

Step 1: Brainstorm for ideas

Choose a topic that interests you.

Step 2: Read General Background Information

Reading a broad summary enables you to get
an overview of the topic and see how your idea
relates to broader, narrower, and related issues.

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 WHAT MAKES A GOOD TOPIC?
Step 3: Focus on Your Topic
Keep it manageable. A topic will be very difficult to
research if it is too broad or narrow. One way to
narrow a broad topic such as "the environment" is to
limit your topic.
Step 4: Make a List of Useful Keywords
Keep track of the words that are used to describe
your topic.
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 WHAT MAKES A GOOD TOPIC?

Step 5: Be Flexible
It is common to modify your topic during the research process.
You can never be sure of what you may find. You may find too
much and need to narrow your focus, or too little and need to
broaden your focus.
Step 6: Define Your Topic as a Focused Research Question
You will often begin with a word, develop a more focused interest
in an aspect of something relating to that word, then begin to have
questions about the topic.

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 WHAT MAKES A GOOD TOPIC?

Step 7: Research and Read More About Your Topic

Use the key words you have gathered to research in the
catalog, article databases, and Internet search engines. Find
more information to help you answer your research question.
Step 8: Formulate a Thesis Statement
Write your topic as a thesis statement. This may be the answer
to your research question and/or a way to clearly state the
purpose of your research.

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 FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN
SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC

SIZE
Have you focused your research in a way that will
keep you in track?
Is your question carefully stated in a way that sets
out limits of your study

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 FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN
SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC

SCOPE
Have you defined the scope in terms
of population and sample or setting and
case

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 FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN
SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC
TIME
Have you made calculated guess at the length of
time this study will take?
Is the study manageable in the time you have at
your disposal?
Can you meet the necessary deadlines?

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 FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN
SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC
RESOURCES
Can you obtain the resources (financial, material,
administrative, and personnel) required?
Do you have easy access to these or the finances to
support them?

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 FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN
SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC

SKILL
Do you have the data gathering and analytic skills to
conduct this study?

ACCESS
How easy is it gain access to the site, the sample
population, and/or cases you need to study?
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 FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN
SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC

Prior Knowledge
How well do you know the field within which this
topic sits?
How familiar are you with the research, the
theoretical and methodological literature around this
topic?

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 FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN
SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC

MOTIVATION
Will this topic hold your interest for the required
length of time?
Have you considered what intrinsic and extrinsic
incentives might keep you going throughout the
research?

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Characteristics of a Research Title
 Indicate accurately the subject and scope of the
study
 Avoid abbreviations
 Use words that create a positive impression and
stimulate reader interest
 Identify key variables, both dependent and
independent
 May reveal how the paper will be organized
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 Characteristics of a Research Title
 Suggests relationship between variables which
supports the major hypothesis
 Is limited to 10-15 substantive words or descriptive
terms and phrases that accurately highlight the core
content of the paper
 Does not include “study of”, “analysis of”

or similar constructions

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 WRITING AN INTRODUCTION
The introduction of writing is going to set out your
rationale, which is what a research will be based around.
Your readers will be able to tell right from the beginning
what they are going to be reading about and even whether it
interests them.

What to include:

•Introduce your topic.

•Create some context and background.
•Tell your reader about the research you plan to carry out.
•State your rationale.
•Explain why your research is important.
•State your hypothesis. 27
 WRITING AN INTRODUCTION

What are the parts of introduction in research?

The introduction of a research paper may contain a few other parts/
elements such as the chief goal(s) and objectives of the research, a brief but
informative outline of the following content, explained, concept definitions, a
brief history of the research into the topic, recent related discoveries, etc.)

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 WRITING THE INTRODUCTION:
HOOK STRATEGY
 A thesis. State your opinion on the topic.
HOOKS IDEAS
Literary Quotes
 This type of hooks works for essays about writers, literature phenomena, books, etc. Start your essay with a quote
from books you review, and it will establish your authority as a writer.
Quotes From Famous People
 To support your argument and create a lip-smacking hook for your essay, start it with a quote from famous people.
But make sure it’s relevant to your topic and thesis.
Common Misconception
 You may start your introduction with a statement about a commonly accepted truth being false. That will intrigue
your audience and encourage them to keep on reading.

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 WRITING THE INTRODUCTION:
HOOK STRATEGY
Anecdotes
This hook is appropriate to use if you write narrative or descriptive essays. Don’t be afraid
of writing funny openings, as it doesn’t mean your essay has to be humorous too. A little
humor helps to grab readers’ attention and spark their interest in the topic.
Personal Stories
This hook is perfect for personal narratives or college application essays, though you
would hardly use it for argumentative or too formal persuasive papers. Ask your professor if
you can use personal pronouns in your writing, and hook readers with a personal story
which not necessarily should be yours.

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 WRITING THE INTRODUCTION:
HOOK STRATEGY
Statistics
Use statistical data to hook readers with new facts they might not have been known. Be sure to include
the source.
Questions
This type of hooks can help you create a reader’s personal interest in your essay and wish to continue
reading it. But don’t make your question too general.
Fact/Definition
This hook can surprise a reader with something they might not have known. Interesting facts about what
you are going to discuss in your essay will intrigue your audience and make them want to learn more.

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 WRITING THE INTRODUCTION:
HOOK STRATEGY
Scenes
People are visually-oriented. Depending on the type and length of your
essay, “draw” a scene in your hook to help readers “see” a clear picture
in mind.
Thesis Statement
There is no harm in getting right to the point. Start with your argument
and support your point of view throughout the essay. If you have an
interesting take on a subject, readers will want to see where you came
up with your idea.

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 WRITING THE INTRODUCTION
 Carefully written to create impact and generate interest
and enthusiasm to read on the part of the reader
 Set the tone for the rest of the paper.
 It is an objective and scientific report not a literary
essay.
 Concentrate on dealing extensively with facts

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WRITING THE INTRODUCTION
 It should contain simple and scientific words and must
avoid flowery emotional words
 It allows statements of the researcher’s own ideas or
opinions but supported by facts, records, documents,
widely circulated information and statements from
persons of established authority
 Must not be lengthy and should not be more than three
pages long.

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It must contain a concise discussion of any or all
of the following:

 Presentation of the situation or problem

 Rationale of the study – why it is necessary to conduct
the study

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It must contain a concise discussion of any
or all of the following:
 A desire to have a clearer understanding of a situation,
circumstances or phenomenon
 Can include ideas, phrases and sentences from
published materials relevant to the study to give the
reader overview of the study (Surname of the authors
and years of publication should be included in
parentheses)

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WRITING THE BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
 Background information should include the theoretical rationale,
pertinent facts, observation, or claims that have lead the investigator
to propose research question.
 The information is derived from the literature review and from
previous or related work done by the investigator.
 Literature review is to integrate published materials.
 It is not simply a series of abstract of paper on the topics.
 The author must convey an integration of content that supports the
need, importance, and rationale for the proposed study.

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WRITING THE BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY
 Discusses the historical background of the problem,
when it started, how, where, if possible.
 It describes the problematic situation, the extent and
gravity of the problem, who are affected by it, its
effects, etc. and how it led the researcher to conduct
the study.
 Provides the overview of the study

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