Development of reproductive

system
• M: ductus Wolffi (mesonephricus)
→epididymis, ductus deferens, vesicula
seminalis, ductus ejaculatorius
ductus Mülleri (paranesonephricus)
→ appendix testis, utriculus prostaticus
• F: ductus Mülleri (paramesonephricus)
→ tuba uterina, uterus
ductus Wolffi (mesonephricus)
→ epoophoron, paroophoron, canalis
Gartneri
Differentiation and homologues of
reproductive organs
- indifferent stage
Diferentiation and homologues of
reproductive organs
Organa genitalia masculina

Male reproductive organs

 Organa genitalia masculina
• Interna:
testis
epididymis
ductus deferens
vesicula seminalis
ductus ejaculatorius
prostata
gl. bulbourethralis
urethra masculina
• Externa: penis
scrotum
 Testis - Orchis
• Size: 4-5x3x2.5 cm
• Extremitas
superior/inferior
• Margo
anterior/posterior
• Facies
medialis/lateralis
• Appendix testis
(ductus Mülleri)
 Vessels and nerves
• A. testicularis ← aorta
abdominalis
• Plexus pampiniformis →
v. testicularis
dx. → v. cava inferior
sin. → v. renalis sin.
• Vasa lymphatica → nodi
lumbales
• Sympathicus +
parasympathicus (n.
vagus) – ganglion
coeliacum - plexus
testicularis
 Structure of testis
• Tunica vaginalis
visceralis – epiorchium
parietalis – periorchium
cavum scroti
• Tunica albuginea
septula testis
mediastinum testis
• Parenchyma testis
lobuli testis (cca 250)
tubuli seminiferi contorti
(convoluted seminiferous tubules
(400-600, each 70-80cm)
recti
rete testis
ductuli efferentes testis (10-20)
 Microscopic structure of testis
• Seminiferous tubules:
spermiogenic epithelium
– spermiogenesis (72-80
days)
Sertoli cells –
supporting
paracrine function
- inhibin B
• Interstitial cells of Leydig
→ testosteron
Spermatozoon
 Epididymis
• Caput epididymidis
• Corpus epididymidis
• Cauda epididymidis
• Lobuli coni
• Ductus epididymidis (5-6m)
• Ductuli aberrantes
• Appendix epididymidis (ductus
Wolffi)
• Paradidymis (mesonephros)
• Ligamentum epididymidis
superius / inferius
• Sinus epididymidis
 Ductus deferens
- sperm duct
• Length: cca 45-50 cm
• Thickness: 3-5 mm
• Layers:
tunica adventitia
muscularis
mucosa
• Course: scrotum –
canalis inguinalis - pelvis
• Ending: ampulla – (+
ductus excretorius
vesiculae seminalis)
→ductus ejaculatorius
 Vesicula seminalis (glandula
vesiculosa)
Size: 4.5x1.5-2 cm
Layers: adventitia
muscularis
mucosa
• Ductus vesicae seminalis
(cca 12 cm)
• Ductus excretorius
• Function: secretion -
forms 60- 80 % of
seminal fluid, alkaline
reaction, contains
proteins, fructose,
prostaglandins
 Prostate
• Size: 4x2x3 cm, 8 g
• Shape: basis
apex
facies anterior
posterior
inferolateralis
lobus dexter
sinister
medius
isthmus
 Structure of prostate
• Capsula prostatica
• Parenchyma: glandulae
prostaticae
ductuli prostatici
(→urethra)
• arteries: branches of a.
vesicalis inf., a. rectalis
media, a. pudenda int.
• veins: plexus prostaticus
→vv.vesicales→ v. iliaca
int.
• lymphatics→nodi iliaci int.
 Zonal anatomy
• Peripheral zone – 70
% (→ cancer)
• Central zone – 25 %
• Transitional zone –
(periurethral) – 5 %
(Merciér´s lobe →
BPH)
 Prostate function
• Secretion: 15-30 % of seminal fluid, acid
(pH 6.4), contains acid phosphatase,
amylase, immunoglobulins, PSA,
fibrinolysin, Zn
Syntopy of prostate
Glandula bulbourethralis (Cowperi)
• Size – cca 1 cm
• Localization: spatium
perinei profundum
• Ductus glandulae
bulbourethralis (3 cm)
→ bulbar urethra
• Secretion: acid and
neutral mucins
 Urethra masculina
• Length: 18-20 cm
• Ostium internum
• Pars intramuralis (m.
sphincter vesicae –
sympathicus)
• Pars prostatica
• Pars membranacea (m.
sphincter urethrae - n.
pudendus)
• Pars spongiosa (penilis)
• Ostium externum
• Curvatura subpubica
• Curvatura praepubica
 Urethra masculina
• Pars prostatica:
crista urethralis
colliculus seminalis
utriculus prostaticus
(0.5-1 cm)
ostia ductus ejaculatorii
sinus prostaticus
• Pars spongiosa:
ostia ductus gll. Cowperi
glandulae urethrales – lacunae
urethrales
fossa navicularis – valvula
fossae navicularis
 Penis - phallus
• Size: length 9-12 cm,
circumference 8-9 cm, erected
+ 2-3 cm
• Basic parts:
radix penis – crura
corpus penis – dorsum, facies
urethralis
glans penis – corona glandis,
collum glandis
• Basic structure:
corpora cavernosa – crura,
septum penis
corpus spongiosum – bulbus
penis
glans penis
 Structure of penis
• Corpora cavernosa
crura
septum penis
tunica albuginea
m. ischiocavernosus
• Corpus spongiosum
bulbus
glans penis
m. bulbospongiosus
 Fixation of penis
• Ligamenta
suspensoria penis
- ligamentum
fundiforme (from linea
alba)
- ligamentum
triangulare (from
symphysis)
 Layers of penis
• Skin – fine, raphe penis,
praeputium penis
• Fascia superficialis penis
(dartos)
• V. dorsalis penis
superficialis
• Fascia profunda (Bucki)
• V. dorsalis penis
profunda, aa. dorsales
penis, nn. dorsales penis
• Tunica albuginea –
corpora cavernosa,
corpus spongiosum
 Praeputium
• Frenulum
• Glandulae
praeputiales (Tysoni)
– smegma
• Disorders:
phimosis
paraphimosis
circumcisio
 Vessels of penis
• A. pudenda interna→
(a.perinealis) → a. bulbi
penis, a. dorsalis penis,
a. profunda penis (a.
cavernosa), aa. helicinae
(Ebner´s cuffs)
• Vv. cavernosae→vv.
profundae penis + vv.
dorsales penis →plexus
prostaticus →v. pudenda
interna
• Erection
 Erection
• Erection: erotic stimuli → parasympathicus (nn. erigentes)→
vasodilatation of aa. helicinae (relaxation of Ebner´s cuffs) –
compresssion of veins by tunica albuginea → congestion (corpora
cavernosa>corpus spongiosum – glans, urethra) - tumescence
• Orgasm - ejaculation: sympathicus – peristalsis of ductus deferens
+ perineal muscles
• Relaxation: sympathicus – increase in Ebner´s cuffs, decrease in
blood flow
• Disturbances: impotentia coeundi – erectile dysfunction
(psychogenic, vascular, neurogenic – diabetes,
pelvic surgery)
priapism
 Seminal fluid
• Volume: 3- 5 ml
• Content: vesiculae seminales – 60 – 80 %
prostate – 15 – 30 %
gl. bulbourethrales (mainly urethral
lubrication)
spermatozoa: 113. 106 /ml ↓66.106/ml
(Europe: 40 % of men <40.106/ml –
endocrine disruptors – PCB, phtalates, food
preservatives, dioxine, pesticides …,smoking,
obesity….
 Scrotum
• Skin: pili, glandulae
sebaceae, sudoriformae
raphe scroti, septum scroti
• Tunica dartos
• Fascia spermatica
externa
• M. cremaster
• Fascia spermatica interna
• Periorchium
 Funiculus spermaticus
- spermatic cord
• Coverings:
fascia spermatica externa
fascia cremasterica - m.
cremaster
fascia spermatica interna
• Content:
ductus deferens + a.
deferentialis
a. testicularis
plexus pampiniformis
vasa lymphatica
nerves – plexus deferentialis,
plexus deferentialis
vestigium processus vaginalis
 Descensus testis
• Hormonal effects (gonadotropins,
androgens) → abdominal stage
• Gubernaculum testis – inguinoscrotal
stage (4th -6th month)
• Scrotal stage – (8th -10th month)
• Processus vaginalis peritonaei
Descensus testis
 Disorders of development
• Testis: agenesis (anorchia)
(polyorchia)
retentio testis (kryptorchismus) (1:100)
• Processus vaginalis:
hernia inguinalis congenita
hydrocele testis
hydrocele funiculi spermatici
• Penis : epispadia
hypospadia (1:300)
phimosis