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Ph0101 Unit 2 Lecture 2
Ph0101 Unit 2 Lecture 2
dB 2 dB .0
r 4 r 2 B
I.dl C
A r dB
0 idl r
dB
P
In vector .
notation, 4 r 3
X
PH0101 UNIT 2 LECTURE 2 2
Ampere’s circuital law
It states that the line integral of the magnetic field
(vector B) around any closed path or circuit is
equal to μ0 (permeability of free space) times the
total current (I) flowing through the closed circuit.
Mathematically,
B. dl 0 I
PH0101 UNIT 2 LECTURE 2 3
Faraday’s Law of electromagnetic induction
Michael Faraday found that whenever there is a change in
magnetic flux linked with a circuit, an emf is induced
resulting a flow of current in the circuit.
The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional
to the rate of change of magnetic flux.
Lenz’s rule gives the direction of the induced emf which
states that the induced current produced in a circuit always
in such a direction that it opposes the change or the cause
that produces it.
d
induced emf (e)
dt
d is the change magnetic flux linked with a circuit
P P
P
-
(a) positive (b) n egative (c) zero divergence
d ivergence d ivergence
Curl
(I) No rotation of the (II) Rotation of the
paddle wheel represents paddle wheel showing (III) direction of curl
zero curl the existence of curl
, and
x y z
1.
( E ) ( E ) 2 E
2.
div grad S = 2S
3. ( S V ) S( V ) V ( S )
curl grad =
( ) 0
4.
0
(or)
( V )d V ds
S
(curl V) ds =
s C V dl
4. Equation from D D
Ampere
H E
t
H .dl ( E t ).ds
l s
circuital law
PH0101 UNIT 2 LECTURE 2 19
Maxwell’s equation: Derivation
Maxwell’s First Equation
q= dv
v
E ds ( E ) dv (2)
s v
D 0 E (6)
div
div
0 EE
00
00
0
(or) div ( 0 E )
0i 1 ^
Therefore, the total induction B =
4 ( 2 .dl r )
r
(2)
0 1 ^
B
4
r 2
.( J r ).dv [ i =J . A and I . dl = J(A . dl)
= J .dv]
Taking divergence on both
sides,
0 1 ^
B
4 v
( .J r )dv
r2
(4)
v
( B ) dv B.ds 0
s
(6)
d
e (1)
dt
By considering work done on a charge, moving
through a distance dl.
W = E .dl (2)
dB
E .dl d B .ds (6)
E .dl
l
.ds
s dt
s dt
Hence, B
( E ) (8)
t
Maxwell’s’ third equation in differential form
H .dl i
l
Using (1) and (2) (3)
H .dl J . ds H .dl J . ds
We
WeKnow
Knowthat
that
s s
D
EE D
JJ (6)
(6)
tt
D
D
l H H. dl. dls
J E
D
t s
EE. .ds
ds
ss
t
ds
.ds (7)
(7)
D
( H ). ds E . ds t
.ds (9)
s s s
D
( H ). ds E t . ds (10)
s D
E . ds
( H ). ds
t
s
D
(11)
H curl H E
t