GROUP SIX MEMBERS

ADMISSION AND NAME

1.19/03939 - MARY INGUNYI

2.10/03436 - MARGARET WAMBUI
3.19/04006 - NGAIRAH OBEDDY GIDALI
4.19/03671-MARGARET WANYAGA
 Introduction

Computer Def :It is a electronic machine that

process data according to internally stored
instruction, to produce desired output to the user
 Composition: It consist of
 Hardware .
 Software.
COMPUTER HARDWARE

Hardware : It is the tangible part of the computer.

It consist of

 Input devices – These are devices used to enter data and instruction into the computer. They
include Keyboard, mouse, touchpad, pointing stick, Trackball ,touch screen light pen
,graphic tablet among others.

 Processing system-The main function carried out in the processing system is retrieval and data
processing into meaningful information. It consist of Central processing unit, Primary Memory,
expansion slot ports, buses and connectors.

 Storage devices. It consist of two component that is: storage medium used to store
information and Storage devices used to write and read data into the storage medium

 Output devices. They are devices used to display information once it has been processed
.They include monitor, printers ,speakers ,projectors among others.
Introduction
International law is a collection of laws that are accepted as governing the
relations between states.
Branches of international law;
 Jus gentium is not a statute or legal code, but more of an accepted body of laws
that governs the relations between countries. 
 Jus inter gentes, on the other hand, refers to the body of treaties and/or
agreements that are mutually acceptable to both countries.
Types of international law:
 Public international law.
*Customary public international law, Globally accepted standards, Legal
codes
 Private international law.
 Supranational law.
COMPUTER SOFTWARE

The role of computer software is to provide detailed instructions that control the
operation of a computer system.
It consist of :
 System software
 Application software
System software
It controls the computer hardware and resources by enabling various components to
communicate ,running application software and making hardware to respond to user
needs.
It consist of operating system, language translator, network and communication
software and utility programs.
Allication software
Sources of International Law
a) Treaty law
Treaties and Conventions are written agreements that states willingly sign and ratify
and as such are obliged to follow.
b) International customary law
Customary international law is made up of rules that derive from "a general practice
accepted as law“. Customary international law is based on consistent actions by the
majority of the international community. They can be categorized as;
 State practice – It is the material part of customary law.
 Opinio Juris – Its state viable material actions which act as binding laws and the
rest of international community are expected to accept them
c) General principles of law recognized by civilized nations.
General Principles are based on moral Principles and law of nature, it has relation
with the State Practice.
 The Role Of International Law

International law might address and regulate any of the following

issues:
 Human rights
 Treatment of refugees
 Prosecution for international crimes
 Arms agreements and controls
 How states can claim new territories
 Regulating common spaces like water and outer space
 Trade between states
 Preventing war
 When it’s okay for a state to use force
 Fair treatment of prisoners
 Preserving the environment
Weakness of International Law

1) It lacks effective law making authority.

2) It lacks effective machinery or authority to enforce its rule.

3) International court of justice has no compulsory jurisdiction.

4) The sanction behind the International law are very weak.

5) It cannot intervene in the matters which are within the domestic jurisdiction and the states.

6) Many rules of International Law are uncertain and vague.

7) International Law has failed to maintain order and peace in the world
 Civil Society
 Civil society refers to the space for collective action around shared interests,
purposes and values, generally distinct from government and commercial
for-profit actors. Civil society includes charities, development NGOs,
community groups, women's organizations, faith-based organizations,
professional associations, trade unions, social movements, coalitions and
advocacy groups.
 According to the World Bank, Civil Society refers to the wide array of non-
governmental and not-for-profit organizations that have a presence in public
life, expressing their interests and values of their members or others based on
ethical, cultural, political, scientific, religious, or philanthropic
considerations.
 Civil society should be understood as the realm of non-state actors, but this
does not necessarily mean that it is anti-state.
 If groups within civil society are to be effective in lobbying and holding
the state to account, the scope of freedom of information laws and procedural
rules giving access to the parliamentary process are both significant.
  Promoting Peace and Security.
 Fighting Against Disease.
 Sharing Of Resources.
 Watchdog For The Society
 Advocate
The role of  Expert:
civil society.  Capacity builder:
 Incubator:
 Representative:
 Citizenship champion:
 Solidarity supporter:
Positive Impact Of Civil Society.
1. Respect and promote human rights and social justice;
2. Embody gender equality and equity while promoting women’s and
girl’s rights;
3. Focus on people’s empowerment, democratic ownership and
participation;
4. Promote environmental sustainability;
5. Practice transparency and accountability;
6. Pursue equitable partnerships and solidarity;
7. Create and share knowledge and commit to mutual learning; and
8. Commit to realizing positive sustainable change.
Religion and Peace
 The idea that religion is inherently inappropriate for the public sphere or that religion
inevitably leads to tensions and violence is a byproduct of Enlightenment assumptions,
which derive from a particular narrative of European secularization that allegedly
provides the best model for state development, and relations among states, in the rest of
the world.
 The renewed interest in the role of religion in political and social life, as well as
contemporary challenges to the secularization thesis, have, at the same time, resulted in a
skepticism about the secular and the emergence of new trends in “post secular”
frameworks and ways of theorizing religion.
 Despite the reexamination of the secularization thesis, vestiges of the secular
Enlightenment narrative remain vis-à-vis the perceived irrational, magical, or emotive
qualities of religion and the inherent rationality of the secular—thus placing the religious
and the secular in two different normative and analytical camps.
 Though the dominant assumptions about religion continue to rely on Enlightenment
presuppositions, we should also note that the essentializing of religion runs both ways, as
some scholars and policymakers portray religion as something that is inherently good or
beneficial for certain sectors of international relations
  There are two approaches in terms of understanding international conflict. One is
provided by the mainstream international relations discourse and the other by the
traditional Chinese dialectics.
 Mainstream IR theories, realism, liberal institutionalism, and new leftism for
example, tend to understand conflict as normal.
 The mainstream IR theories, for example, argues that conflict is the state of nature
of international life.

International  Realism argues that struggle for power has always been the central theme of
international relations.

Conflict  Liberal institutionalism also believes that conflict exists as something normal,
though it is more optimistic about conflict resolution through international
institutions.
 The understanding of conflict leads to two approaches to its resolution;
 If we understand conflict as caused by difference, then we tend to solve conflict by
eliminating the difference that has caused it.
 If we believe that conflict is not necessarily caused by difference and that difference
constitutes a necessary condition for harmony, then we may encourage difference,
especially the difference that is complementary. We need to encourage through
mediation the conflicting sides both to change and to move toward each other so
that the conflict may be better solved without eliminating either.
Transnational Religious
Phenomena and Issues
o Religious fundamentalism: The agendas of fundamentalist groups are often international in that
their ultimate goal is to spread the influence of their ideologies worldwide.
o The growing prominence of human rights on the international agenda is linked to religion.
o Evangelizing: Missionaries from many religions travel internationally seeking converts to their
religions.
o Conflict is more conspicuous and serious due to the deep-rooted understanding of international
society.
o There are two ideal models to resolve conflict; reality and intercultural.
o The argument that religion can influence people’s views is also not in dispute. First, to the extent
that religion influences the world-view of a policy maker, it also influences his decisions.
Second, widely held religious beliefs among constituents can place constraints on policy makers’
decisions.
Impact of Conflicts on International Relations:
 There has been an increased acceptance of humanitarian intervention in these conflicts
 Local conflicts often cross international borders.
 The conflicting parties can use international forums in order to further their cause.
Religion and International Relations,
political Islam and Foreign Policy.
 Religion is a social-cultural system of designated behaviours and practices,
morals, world views, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics or organizations
that relates humanity to supernatural or spiritual elements.
 Major religions include Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism among others
 Religion has multiple influences on International Relations. Some of which
Include;
 Its ability to confer legitimacy
 To influence the world-views of leaders and their constituents
 The tendency of religious conflicts to spill over borders
 Through transnational phenomena and issues which overlap with religion
which include human rights and terrorism
 Political Islam is any interpretation of Islam as a source of political identity and
action. It can refer to a wide range of individuals and groups who advocate the
transformation of state and society according to what they see as Islamic
principles. It also refers to the use of Islam as a source of concepts and
metaphors for articulating political position.
International Law and Foreign Policy
 International Law is generally defined as a set of rules that regulate relations
between states. It regulates the foreign policy of states.
 Foreign policy in this sense is defined as the general objectives that guide the
activities and relationships of one state in its interactions with other states.
 Foreign Policy also guides the nature of interaction between states for example a
country that seeks to have foreign relations with another neighbouring country that
has similar demographics as its own and is at a similar development level will have
a more favorable foreign Policy towards them as opposed to one with a poor state
in a different continent.
 International Law has a binding function in foreign policy because it offers a legal
framework through which states should interact.
 States, in making their foreign policy, have to obey the norms of ius cogens i.e.
certain fundamental, overriding principles of international law.
 International Law defines the status, the rights, the responsibilities, obligations of
the Nations in Foreign Policy.
International Law and Foreign Policy
Cont’d

 States do not obey some international rules because of the Lack of effective
judiciary, executive authority, which constitute the weaknesses to the
constraining aspect of International Law.
 In case of violation, there are sanctions faced by transgressors states. States
care about the respect of International Law that is why there is the figure of
the Legal Adviser who ensures that Foreign Policy is conforms to
international legal principles.
 The obedience of International Law is important because, beyond the
enforcement mechanisms, there would be no relations with nations that
violate expressly rules, without justifying why (a nations that regularly
violates embassies and abuse diplomats hardly will make agreements with
others).
 It can be said International Law constrains the making and enacting of
foreign policy, because it dictates states behavior and prevent them from
injustice.
THANK YOU