HEAT and COLD HAZARDS

Occupational Safety & Health

Engineering
Industrial Engineering UNDIP
2020

1
 IKLIM KERJA TERMAL
Temperatur
Kelembaban
Kecepatan gerakan udara
Panas radiasi

2
 LINGKUNGAN TERMAL
Pertukaran panas antara tubuh manusia dengan
lingkungannya

Evaporasi Core temperature  37C

Radiasi Konveksi Heat exchange:

S = M +/- C +/- R - E

Radiasi Upper acceptable limit

for heat storage in body
Lantai = 1C (NIOSH, 1986)

Konduksi
3
 THERMAL COMFORT ZONE

Thermal comfort zone:

18,9 - 26,1 C
20 - 80 %

4
 PENGUKURAN
 Parameter
Indeks Suhu Basah Bola (ISBB)/ 3

Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT)

 ISBB (dalam ruangan) = 0,7 suhu basah alami +
0,3 suhu bola
 ISBB (luar ruangan) = 0,7 suhu basah alami + 0,2 1

suhu bola + 0,1 suhu kering

2
 Alat
1. Termometer suhu basah  temperatur dan
kelembaban
2. Termometer bola  radiasi
3. Termometer suhu kering/psychrometer 
temperatur dan kecepatan gerakan udara

5
 STANDAR di INDONESIA
Kepmenakertrans Nomor Per.13/MEN/X/2011
tentang nilai ambang batas (NAB) faktor fisika dan faktor kimia di
tempat kerja
ISBB (C)
Pengaturan Beban kerja
waktu kerja
setiap jam Sedang Berat
Ringan
(200-350 (350-500
( 200 kKal/jam)
kKal/jam) kKal/jam)
75% - 100% 31,0 28,0 -

50% - 75% 31,0 29,0 27,5

25% - 50% 32,0 30,0 29,0

0% - 25% 32,2 31,1 30,5

6
 STANDARD ACGIH
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH)
2013 Action Limit (AL) and Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

7
 EFEK HEAT/COLD STRESS
HEAT ILLNESS COLD ILLNESS
Heat rash  iritasi kulit
Heat syncope  pingsan
Hypothermia 
Heat cramp  nyeri otot abnormally low body
Heat exhaustion  temperature
berkeringat, pucat, Cold water immersion
lemas, pusing (37-40C) Chilblains  iritasi klit
Heat stroke  kulit
Trench Foot
kering, denyut jantung
Frostbite
cepat, koma, kematian (
40C)

8
 HEAT STRESS CONTROL
1. Engineering
Metabolic load: works slowly
Radiative load: insulate hot equipment, radiation shielding,
drains for hot liquid, tight joints for steam, local exhaust
ventilation for heated air
Convective heat loss: ventilation
Evaporative heat loss: dehumidifiers, AC

2. Administrative
Acclimatizing workers ( 2 weeks)
Work/rest schedule, job rotation
Health screening, encourage healthy lifestyle

3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE/APD)

Cooling vest, reflective garment, long-sleeved clothing
Supplement (salted water, 15-20 min @ 150 ml)
9
 COLD STRESS CONTROL
1. Engineering
Insulation
Heater

2. Administrative
Work/rest schedule, job rotation

3. PPE
Protective clothes
Gloves, hand warmer
Hat, ear protector

10
 SICK BUILDING SYNDROME
Perlu sarana pengatur pertukaran udara
(AC/pemanas/ventilasi)
Filter udara tidak bersih
Muncul jamur, bakteri, virus
Supply udara segar tidak mencukupi
Gejala:
Iritasi mata, hidung, tenggorokan, kulit
Sakit kepala, mual, sulit konsentrasi, lelah,
demam, flu, alergi
Nonspecific hypersensitivity reactions
Bau lembab, jamur

11
 LINGKUNGAN KERJA dan
PRODUKTIVITAS

Lingkungan Kerja dan Kecepatan Kerja

Lingkungan Kerja dan Kualitas Kerja
 Kualitas hasil pekerjaan
 Persentase produk cacat

Lingkungan Kerja dan K3

Lingkungan Kerja dan Keuangan
Perusahaan

12
 TEMPERATUR vs KECEPATAN KERJA
Kecepatan kerja

Jam ke-1

Jam ke-2

Jam ke-3

Temperatur

13
 TEMPERATUR vs TINGKAT
KESALAHAN
Jam ke-3

Jam ke-2
Tingkat kesalahan

Jam ke-1

Temperatur

14