ENDOCRINE

DEPARTMET
PROJECT:KLINEFELTER
SYNDROME
STUDENT: SHADY ABO HAMAD
GROUP:M1653
Klinefelter syndrome can lead to:
 weak bones (osteoporosis)
 varicose veins
 autoimmune diseases (when the immune system acts against the body), such as
lupus or rheumatoid arthritis
 XXY males have an increased risk for breast cancer and cancers that affect blood,
bone marrow, or lymph nodes, such as leukemia
 They also tend to have excess fat around the abdomen (which raises the risk of
health problems)
 heart and blood vessel disease
  type 2 diabetes.
 How is Klinefelter’s syndrome diagnosed?

Where Klinefelter’s syndrome is suspected, blood tests will be carried out

to assess levels of testosterone and gonadotrophins (luteinising hormone
 and follicle stimulating hormone). In patients with Klinefelter’s
syndrome, blood tests characteristically show a low testosterone level,
high sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and raised gonadotrophins.
The diagnosis of Klinefelter’s syndrome is confirmed by chromosomal
analysis (karyotyping), which involves a blood test. This is usually
carried out as an outpatient.
Karyotyping can also be performed during pregnancy by analysing the
fluid surrounding the fetus (amniocentesis) or by obtaining placental
tissue (chorionic villus sampling). Both these procedures carry some risk
and are performed as an inpatient.
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Klinefelter syndrome,
cardiovascular system, and thromboembolic disease