Electric Circuit

 It is a closed path, composed of active and

passive elements.
 Active Element : It supplies energy to the
circuit.
 Passive Element : It receives energy and then
1) either converts it to heat,
as in a Resistance (R).
2) or stores it in
(a) Electric Field, as in a Capacitor (C).
(b) Magnetic Field, as in an Inductor (L).
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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 1
Energy Sources
 Classification
Independent Source Or Dependent Source
Voltage Source Or Current Source
DC Source Or AC Source
Ideal Source Or Practical Source

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 2
Independent Ideal Voltage
Source
Source
Load

Note that the source determines the voltage, but the

current is determined by the load.
The source has zero internal resistance.
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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 3
 The voltage source is said to be idle if the output
terminals are open such that i = 0.
 When turned off (killed or made inactive), so that v =
0, it is equivalent to a short circuit.
 Reference Marks : One terminal is marked plus and the
other minus. (Oversimplification; one mark can be
omitted.)
 When actual polarity is opposite to the reference
marks, the voltage is a negative number.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 4
Independent Ideal Current
Source
Source
Load

Note that the source determines the current, but the

voltage is determined by the load.

The Source has infinite internal resistance (Ri).

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 5
 The current source is said to be idle if the output
terminals are shorted together, such that v = 0.
 When turned off (killed or made inactive), so that i = 0,
it is equivalent to an open circuit.
 Reference Marks : An arrow is put.
 When actual direction of current is opposite to the
reference (arrow) direction, the current is a negative
number.
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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 6
Do you observe duality ?

The roles for the current and voltage are

interchanged in the two sources.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 7
Practical Voltage Source

It is represented by an ideal voltage source in series

with an internal resistance (RSV).

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 8
Practical Current Source

It is modelled as an ideal current source in parallel

with an internal resistance (RSI).

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 9
 Source Transformation
 A practical current source can be converted
into its equivalent practical voltage source,
and vice versa.
 This conversion is valid only for the external
load connected across the terminals of the
source.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 10
Wednesday, May 13, 202
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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 11
Equivalence between
Voltage Source and Current
Source
 Two sources would be equivalent if they produce
identical values of VL and IL, when they are connected
across the same load.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 12
 Series and Parallel
Combinations
What would be the net emf of the combination
if two ideal voltage sources of 2 V and 4 V are
connected in series so as to aid each other?
Click
 Ans. 6 V
 What would be the net emf of the combination
if two ideal voltage sources of 4 V and 4 V are
connected in parallel ? 4 V or 8 V ? Click
 Ans. Obviously, it should be 4 V

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 13
 What would be the net emf of the combination if two
ideal voltage sources of 2 V and 4 V are connected in
parallel ? 2 V or 4 V or 3 V ? Click
 The question seems to be quite tricky!
Click
 Ans. The question is wrong. The question contradicts
itself.
 Ideal Voltage Sources in parallel are permissible
only when each has the same terminal voltage at
every instant of time.
 What is its dual ?

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 14
Ideal Voltage Sources
Connected in Series

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 15
Ideal Current Sources
Connected in Parallel

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 16
Practical Current Sources
Connected in Series

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 17
 Practical Voltage Sources
Connected in Parallel

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 18
 Example 1 : Reduce the network shown in
figure to its simplest possible form by using
source transformation.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 19
Solution

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 20
Wednesday, May 13, 202
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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 21
Example 2

 In the given figure,

(a) If RL = 80 Ω, find current iL.
(b) Transform the practical current source into a
practical voltage source and find iL if RL = 80 Ω again.
(c) Find the power drawn from the ideal source in each
case.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 22
Solution :
20
(a) iL  (100)   20 mA
20  80
2
(b) iL   20 mA
80  20
(c) vL  iL  RL  (20 mA)(80 )  1.6 V Click

P  vL  I  (1.6 V )(100 mA)  160 mW Click

Click
In the second case,
P  iL  V  (20 mA)(2 V)  40 mW

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 23
Benchmark Example 3
 Take the benchmark example of the circuit
given in figure. Using source transformation,
determine the voltage v across 3-Ω resistor.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 24
 Solutio
n:
Transforming the 4-A current source into a
voltage source,

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 25
 Combining the two voltage sources,

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 26
Again transforming the voltage source into
current source,

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 27
Combining the two current sources we get Fig.
(e). Transforming this current source into
voltage source (Fig. f )

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 28
 Combining the two resistances, we get Fig.
(g).

Finally, using voltage

divider, we get

3
v  5  2.5 V
33

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 29
Kirchhoff’s Laws
 (1) KCL : Algebraic sum of currents
meeting at a junction of conductors in a
circuit is zero.
 It is simply a restatement of the principle

of conservation of charge.
b

I
j 1
j 0

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 30
 (2) KVL :The algebraic sum of voltages
around a closed circuit or a loop is zero.
 It is simply a restatement of the principle of
conservation of energy.

v
j 1
j 0

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 31
Polarity of Voltages

Note that polarity of the voltage (emf) across a

battery does not depend upon the assumed
direction of current.
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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 32
Applying KVL

1. Select a closed loop.

2. Mark the voltage polarity (+ and -) across
each element in the closed loop.
3. Go round the selected loop, and add up
all the voltages with + or – signs.
4. Any one of the following two rules can be
followed :

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 33
(i) Rule 1 : While travelling, if you meet a
voltage rise, write the voltage with positive sign ;
if you meet a voltage drop, write the voltage with
negative sign.
(ii) Rule 2 : While travelling, write the voltage
with positive sign if + is encountered first; write
the voltage with negative sign if – is encountered
first.
We shall be following Rule 1, as it has a strong
analogy with the physical height (altitude) of a
place.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 34
 Example 5 : Use KVL to find vR2 and vx.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 35
For finding vR2, we write KVL eqn. going
around loop abgha clockwise : Click

 36  vR 2  4  0  vR 2  32 V

If you choose to go around the loop

Click
anticlockwise, you get
 4  36  vR 2  0  vR 2  32 V

Giving the same result.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 36
There are two ways to determine vx
1) We can consider this voltage as the voltage
across the gap from d to f. Writing KVL
(habcdfgh) : Click
 4  36  12  14  v x  0
vx  6 V
2) Knowing vR2 , apply a short-cut (bcdfgb) :
Click
 12  14  v x  32  0
vx  6 V

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 37
Important Note about KVL
 The assumed direction of current through a
resistor and the polarity of voltage across it
are always in conformity.
 The end into which the current enters is
marked positive.
 Passive-element sign convention.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 38
Example 6 : Find the current
supplied by the 60-V source in the
network.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 39
Solution :
 We need not find the currents I1, I2 and I3.
 Instead, we reduce the network.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 40
Example 7 : Determine the value of
current I.

2–3–I–4=0 or I = -5 A

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 41
Example 8

Using KCL and KVL, determine the currents ix

and iy in the network shown.

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 42
Solution : Using KCL, the currents in other branches
are marked as shown. Writing KVL equations for the
loops 1, 2 and 3,
100  10 I1  5I x  0
 5 I x  0 I y  10 I1  100
5I x  50  2( I1  I x )  2 I y  0
 7 I x  2 I y  2 I1  50
 2 I y  50  3( I1  I x  I y )  0
 3I x  5 I y  3I1  50

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 43
Writing the above equations in matrix form, Click

5 0 10   I x  100 
7     
 2  2  I y    50 ;
3 5  3  I   50
 1
Using Calculator, we solve for Ix and Iy,
Click
I x  3.87 A; and I y  0.51 A

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Ch. 3 Network Analysis- Part I Next 44