MACHINE TOOL PRACTICES

SECTION L – Grinding and Abrasive

Machining Processes

Types of Grinding Machines

Machine Tool Practices, 8th Edition

Richard R. Kibbe, John E. Neely, Roland O. Meyer, Warren T. White

© 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 07458. All rights reserved
 The Process
In grinding and abrasive machining processes, very small
grains of various types of abrasive materials are used to
remove very small chips of workpiece material. Grinding
processes are often used as finish machining processes
because a very small amount of workpiece material may
be removed. This permits extremely precise dimensional
tolerances to be achieved, in many cases to a few
millionths of an inch. Grinding processes also permit the
precision shaping of workpieces that are hardened or the
cutting of materials that would be difficult to machine by
other methods.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Tools and Equipment
The machine tools that
accomplish grinding and other
abrasive machining operations
include:
 Surface grinders

 Cylindrical grinders

 Centerless grinders

 Tool and cutter grinders

 Free abrasive and lapping

machines
 Specialty grinding machines,

used to finish machine such

items as gears, threads and
ball screws

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Type I Surface Grinder
The Type I or horizontal spindle
surface grinder has the grinding
wheel mounted on a horizontal
spindle. Ferrous material
workpieces are mounted on a
magnetic chuck and are moved
back and forth and in and out
under the wheel. The wheel head
with the spindle and grinding
wheel can be moved up and down
to control the depth of the cut.
Grinding occurs on the edge of the
grinding wheel. The table may
operated by hand or by power.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Type II Surface Grinder
The type II surface grinder
also has a horizontal spindle.
Workpieces are mounted on
a rotating table and move in
a circle under the grinding
wheel. The wheel and
spindle moves in and out to
reach all the workpieces. It
also is moved up and down
to control the depth of cut.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Type III Surface Grinder
The Type III grinder has
a vertical spindle.
Workpieces move back
and forth on the work
table or chuck and
grinding occurs on the
face of the grinding wheel
which is moved up and
down to control the depth
of cut.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Vertical Spindle Rotary
Grinder
The Vertical Spindle
Rotary grinder has a
rotating worktable and
the grinding wheel
spindle is vertical.
Grinding occurs on the
face of the wheel.
Some of these machine
tools have large
capacities.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Cylindrical Grinders
Cylindrical grinders as their
name implies, are used to
grind the diameters of
cylindrical or round workpieces.
Grinding occurs on the edge of
the wheel as the rotating
workpiece traverses back and
forth. The wheel head moves in
and out to control the diameter
dimension being ground on the
workpiece.
Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Angular Center-Type
Cylindrical Grinder
The angular center-type
cylindrical grinder is
another type of
cylindrical grinder. By
swiveling the wheel
head, and using an angle
grinding wheel,
shoulders and diameters
can be simultaneously
finished ground.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Centerless Grinder
Centerless grinders are
another type of cylindrical
grinder. Workpieces are not
supported by centers in
centerless operations but
instead are supported by a
workrest located between
the grinding wheel and the
feed regulating wheel.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Centerless Regulating
Wheel
The regulating wheel on the
centerless grinder is set at a
slight angle to the grinding
wheel. This causes the
workpiece to move past the
wheel. Feeding may be
through or a stop may be
used to hold the workpiece in
place during the operation.
Centerless grinders may also
be used to grind special
forms such as tapers and
threads.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Centerless Step Grinding
The centerless
grinder can also be
used to grind two
different diameters
at the same time on
the ends of a
workpiece.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Internal Cylindrical
Grinder
By using mounted
abrasives installed in
the machine’s grinding
spindle, internal
cylindrical grinding
may be accomplished.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Universal Tool and Cutter
Grinder
The universal tool and cutter
grinder is used to sharpen
milling cutters and reamers.
The cutting tools are mounted
between centers or in a collet
spindle and are indexed so that
each tooth is presented to the
grinding wheel. Adjustments are
provided so that access to the
cutter’s primary and secondary
clearance angles can be set up.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Things You Should Know About
these Machines and their
Processes
 Identify common surface, cylindrical
and tool and cutter grinders.
 Describe the grinding processes done
by each type.

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Key Terms
 Angular center-type  Type I surface grinder
grinder  Type II surface grinder
 Centerless grinder  Type III surface grinder
 Cylindrical grinder  Universal tool and
 Magnetic chuck cutter grinder
 Mounted abrasive  Traverse
 Regulating wheel  Table
 Surface grinder  Wheel head
 Wheel spindle

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved
 Grinding Machine Types
Text References
From Section L- Grinding and Abrasive
Machining Processes, read and study:

 Section Introduction
 Unit 4 – Horizontal Spindle Reciprocating
Table Surface Grinder
 Unit 8 – Center Type Cylindrical Grinders
 Unit 10 – Universal Tool and Cutter Grinder

Kibbe, et al., Machine Tool Practices, 8th ed. (C) 2006 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All Rights Reserved