Sport Psychology

Topic:
Motivation
DEFINITION
Sport Psychology is the study of thoughts
(attitudes), feelings (emotions), and reactions
(actions) of athletes in a competitive setting.
Performance = Psychological readiness
+ Physical preparation
+ Technical skill
+ Tactical awareness
MOTIVATION
OBJECTIVES
1. Define motivation and its components,
2. Differentiate between extrinsic and intrinsic
motivation,
3. Know how to use direct and indirect methods of
motivation,
4. Identify other methods of motivating the athletes.
CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION
Motivation can be defined simply as the direction and
intensity of one’s effort (Sage, 1977).
Motivation is to start, to energise and maintain a
behaviour
CONCEPT OF MOTIVATION
1.1 Direction of Effort
1.2 Intensity of Effort
1.3 The Relationship between Direction
and Intensity

“The burning question is how badly do you

want to succeed?”
Geoff Boycott.
Quotation
IF I BELIEVE I CAN DO OR BE
SOMETHING / SOMEBODY,
CHANCES ARE I WILL.

IF I DON’T, I WON’T, IT
IS AS SIMPLE AND AS
IMPORTANT AS THAT
Quotation
Most people give up just
when they’re about to
achieve success. They quit
on the one yard line. They
give up at last minute of the
game, one foot from a
winning touchdown.
SOURCES OF MOTIVATION
Intrinsic Motivation
Athletes who are intrinsically motivated have an inner
striving to be competent and self-determining, to
master the task, and to be successful.
SOURCES OF MOTIVATION
Extrinsic motivation
Motivation that comes from other sources through
positive and negative reinforcement.
Tangible: trophies, medals or money
Intangible: praise, public recognition and
punishment.
Key Components for Success
1. Desire
2. Discipline
3. Determination

 S - Strive
 U - Unique
 C - Courage
 C - Change
 E - Efficient
 S - Strength
 S - Survival
TYPES OF MOTIVATION
 Direct methods of motivation
 Identification
 Compliance
 Internalization
 Indirect methods of motivation
 Change the physical situation
 Change the psychological situation
Quotation
YOUR STATE OF MIND DIRECTLY AFFECTS HOW
YOU PERFORM. YOUR BODY RESPONDS TO
YOUR THOUGHTS. IF YOU ARE AIMING FOR
PEAK PERFORMANCES YOU WANT TO BE IN A
STATE OF READINESS : PSYCHOLOGICALLY AND
PHYSICALLY
Hemery (1990)
METHODS OF MOTIVATING
ATHLETES
Athletes’ needs and motives
Understand athletes’ needs
3 prominent motives
To play for fun (sensation)
To be with other people (affiliation)
To demonstrate competence in order to feel worthy
(achievement)
Use extrinsic and intrinsic rewards
 Food for Thought
 If an athlete is coached with criticism, she learns to condemn
 If an athlete is coached with hostility, he learns to fight
 If an athlete is coached with ridicule, she learns to hate
 If an athlete is coached with shame, he learns to feel guilty
 If an athlete is coached with tolerance, she learns to be patient
 If an athlete is coached with fairness, he learns justice
 If an athlete is coached with consistency, she learns to trust
 If an athlete is coached with respect, he learns to respect himself
 If an athlete is coached with encouragement, she learns to be confident
 If an athlete is coached with praise, he learns to appreciate

How do you coach your athletes?

DISCUSSION
1. Discuss direct and indirect methods of motivation
by sharing specific examples related to you as a
coach.
2. Discuss the following with specific situations in
your sport:
 Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation
 Athletes’ needs and motivation
Sport Psychology

SPKK Level 1
Topic:
Self-concept
INTRODUCTION
Athletes with a positive self-concept will have a
positive self-image, self belief and high self-esteem.
They feel good about themselves, self-worthy, and
confident.
OBJECTIVES
 Identify the components of self-concept in sport
 Explain the self-image cycle specifically how self-
image affects our attitudes, expectations,
behaviours, and performance in all areas of our lives
 Detail some strategies to help athletes enhance their
positive self-image
DEFINITION
Self-concept is defined as a person’s self-
perception, which is formed through experiences
with, and through interpretations of his or her
environment.
These perceptions are influenced by the evaluation
of significant others, reinforcements, and the way
people interpret their own behaviours to
themselves (i.e. their attributions or reasons
for their behaviours).
Conceptualization of Self
Influences of a Positive Self-Concept
Motivation i.e. drive to pursue goals.
Learning i.e. acquisition of new knowledge or
skills.
Athletic performance i.e. achieve personal best.
Personal relationship i.e. liking for others and
acceptance by others.
Life satisfaction i.e. how a person feels satisfied
with personal accomplishment.
Performance in other areas i.e. his/her own
individual areas and pursuing life goals
Acquiring Positive Self-Concept
 Show Acceptance
 Offer Specific Praise
 Give Personal Attention
 Emphasize Self Responsibility
 SELF-IMAGE
Self-image affects our attitudes, expectations, behaviors,
and performances in all areas of our lives
The Success Cycle
The Failure Cycle
 Reprogramme for Success
CRAFT PROCESS
1. Cancel – memories of your old, negative beliefs.
2. Replace – them with new, positive beliefs.
3. Affirm – your new concept of yourself.
4. Focus – on specific images of success.
5. Train – yourself to accept your new beliefs.
 Positive Self-Image Athletes
 Athletes with positive self-image have positive feelings
about themselves, about their capabilities and clear
about the roles that they play.
 It is important that athletes develop a more positive
self-image for this leads to greater self-confidence. A
self-confident athlete is sure of himself,
his ability, and less prone to worry.
SELF-ESTEEM
Self-esteem is defined as the evaluation of self with
respect to an ideal vision of self along a dimension
(characteristics) used to describe self.
Athletes who feel good about themselves are said to
have a high self-esteem.
They recognize their own strengths and weaknesses
and accept their selves for what they are.
Factors that Influence Self-esteem in
Sports
Self-image
Relationships
Social environments
The media
Personal achievements
Improving Self-esteem in Sport
Increase self-knowledge
Be more self-accepting
Set goals
 SELF-BELIEF /
SELF-CONFIDENCE
Self-belief can be regarded synonymously with
confidence. Sport psychologists define self-confidence
as the belief that you can successfully perform a
desired behavior.

“I always know I would do it one day. I always believed”

Mike Powell, after breaking the world long jump record.
SELF-VULNERABILITY
Self-vulnerability is the perception of change in self,
occurring under stressful circumstances

“When the going gets tough,

the tough gets going”
DISCUSSION
1. Discuss the 4 ways a coach could use to facilitate
positive self-concept of players.
2. Describe the characteristics of athletes with positive
self-image.
 Food for Thought
“An estimation of my own ability is far more important
than that of any selector”
Stuart Barnes

“Of all the judgments that we pass in life, none is as

important as the one we pass on ourselves, for that
judgment touches the very centre of our existence. How
we relate to ourselves affects how we relate to others,
and to the world around us”
Nathaniel Branden