By:-

Vikani Bhargav(CL-84)
Ahir Ketan (CL-04)
Prajapati Ketan(CL-60)
Kansara jitendra(CL-25)
Sojitra Hardik(CL-76)
Doshi Rutu(CL-16)
 What is Dozer?
It is a tractor-power unit with blade attached to machine’s
front.
It is designed to provide tractive power for drawbar work.
Low-center-of-gravity machine.

(distance between CG of line of force of machine to CG of

line of resisting force of blade, less distance ≈utilization of
developed power effectively.)
At rear, winch or a ripper may be mounted.
 Use of Dozer
Dozing (pushing materials).
Land clearing.
Ripping.
Assisting scrapers in loading.
Towing other pieces of construction equipment.
In short,
pushing, shearing, cutting and rolling.
 Classification
Dozer

Crawler Wheel

Direct drive Torque Converter Hydrostatic

Transmission. & Power shift power trains
Transmission. Transmission.
Crawler (Track) Dozer
Track-laying machine with continuous track of linked

shoes.
Mechanical arrangement of track over Sprocket

Drive Wheel & Idler Wheel .

Linked shoes are made of

-- heat-treated steel.

--rubber covered steel shoes.

Direct drive transmission
 Type Of Transmission
1) Direct Drive :-
 Direct drive means power is transmitted straight
through the transmission as if there was a single
shaft.
 More efficient when full blade load or constant
loading conditions and is to be pushed for long
distance.
 Two sets of drawbar pull is listed..
-- Rated---- used for a continuous operation.
-- Maximum-----used for a short time operation.
 Type Of Transmission
2) Torque Converter & Power-shift
transmission :-
 Transmissions that can be shifted while

transmitting full engine power.

 Can absorb heavy shocks.

 Superior performance in variable load condition.

 Type Of Transmission
3) Hydrostatic Power-train:-
 Confined oil under pressure.

 Provides variable speed range with constant power

to both tracks.
 Improves machine controllability & operational

efficiency.
 Generally used in small-size doses.
 Comparison
Wheel Dozer
Good for long travel
distances.
Best in handling loose soils
Fast return speed
(8 – 26 mph)
Can only handle moderate
blade loads
Best for level and downhill
work
Good on firm (hard)soils ,
concrete & abrasive soil.
Crawler Dozer
Good for short travel
distances.
Can handle hard soils
Slow return speeds
(5 – 10 mph )
Can push large blade loads
Can work over almost any
terrain
Can work on a variety of
soils.
 Usable Force
Depends on:

-- Coefficient of Traction (Ct).

-- Weight of Driving Wheel.

Usable Force = Ct Weight of driving wheels (W).
Weight on driving wheels affect the return speed of

the Dozer.
Less Ct  Slipping of wheels.
 Fuel
Internal combustion engines are generally used in

Dozers.
Heavy machine – Use Diesel.

Smaller machine – Use Gasoline.

Tunnel work – Electric & air-powered & also gasoline.

 Comparison of Performance
Consider dry clay loamy soil.

Ct for Rubber tires = 0.5 - 0.7

Track = 0.9
Therefore, Track-type Dozer has 1.5 times more Usable

Force than Wheel Dozer.

To increase the Usable Force of Wheel Dozer increase its

weight.
Coefficients of traction for
various road surfaces
Surface Rubber Tires Crawler Tracks
Dry, Rough concrete 0.80 – 1.00 1.45
Dry, Clay loam 0.50 – 0.70 0.90
Wet, Clay loam 0.40 – 0.50 0.70
Wet Sand and Gravel 0.30 – 0.40 0.35
Loose, Dry sand 0.20 – 0.30 0.30
Dry snow 0.20 0.15 – 0.35
Ice 0.10 0.10 – 0.25
 Blades
Connected by push arms and
tilt cylinders or a C frame
Vary in size and design based
on specific work application.
Tilt: Movement within the
vertical plane of blade.
Pitch: Movement about the
point of connection between
dozer and blade.
Angling: Turning the blade
so that it isn’t perpendicular
to the direction of dozer.
Tilt :-
The vertical movement of a blade
end is known as tilt . this moment is
within the vertical plane of the blade.
Pitch:-
The control which allows the
operator to vary the angle of attack of
the blade cutting edge with the ground
is a pitch. It is the moment of the top of
the blade toward or away from the
tractor.
Angling :-
Turning the blade so that it is
not perpendicular to the direction of
the tractor’s travel is angling. This
causes pushed material to roll off the
trailing end of the blade.
Types of Dozer Blade:-
Straight Blades “S”
Angle Blades “A”
Universal Blades “U”
Cushion Blade “C”
 Straight Blades “S”
Design for short and medium distance.

No curvature across length & fixed perpendicular

to dozer’s line.

Tilted at 10 degree .

Use in backfilling, grading, spreading material.

 Angle Blades “A”
Wider 1 to 2 ft than “S” blade .

It can be tilted but can’t be pitched.

Maximum angled up 25 degree left or right.

Use in side-casting material, backfilling, sidehill

cut.
 Universal Blades “U”
Wider than the “S” blade and outside canted
forward 25 degree.

Efficient to move large load at long distance.

Cutting ratio is less then “S” blade.

Use in move loose or non-cohesive material.

 Cushion Blade “C”
It is shorter than “S” blade.

Most of this type blade are use in scraper .

This blade can’t tilted, pitched & angled.

 Application of Bulldozer
Stripping

Backfilling

Spreading

Ditching

Slot Dozing

Blade to Blade Dozing

 Stripping
Remove thin layer of covering
material.

If large machine moving material

up to 300 ft.

Cohesive material is easier to

push than granular material.
 Backfilling
Drifting material sideway with an angle blade.

Sometime straight blade is used.

 Spreading
Spreading the material dump truck
or scraper .

For uniform spreading material

keeping blade straight.

Now a day laser blade control are

available.
 Ditching
Dozer is use to cut ditch.

It is follow the excavator or scraper and

dressing the slop.

Machine push the material out of cut.

 Slot dozing
It is technique the sidewall from
previous cuts are used to hold
material in front of dozer blade.
Shallow trench or path cut
between loading and dumping
areas to increase the blade capacity
that can be carried on each cycle.
Increases 50 % capacity.
And production is depend up on
the slop of push & type of material.
 Blade-to-Blade Dozing
Two machine fix so that blade are right next to

each other
This method also know as ‘side by side dozing’.

Reduce the side spillage up to 50%.

Machine take more time to take position.

But total production is increase up to 15% to 20%.

 Dozer Production Estimation
Factors affecting production rate…

1) Blade Type.

2) Type & Condition of Material.

3) Cycle Time.
 Blade Load
Load a blade can carry or that it carries…

Estimated by :-

Manufacturer’s Blade Rating.

Previous Experiences.

Field Measurements.
Doze a full blade, then lift blade while moving
forward on a level surface until a pile is formed.

Measure the width of the pile (W)

perpendicular to the blade and in the same line
with the inside track or wheel.

Average the two measurements.

Measure the avg height (H) of the pile in a
similar manner.

Measure the length (L) of the pile.

Blade Load = H x W x L
 Land Clearing
1. Removing all trees and stumps, including roots.
2. Removing all vegetation above the surface of the
ground only, leaving stumps and roots in the
ground.
3. Disposal of vegetation by stacking and burning.
4. Knocking all vegetation down, then chopping or
crushing it to or into the surface of the ground or
burning it.
5. Killing or retarding the growth of brush by cutting
the roots below the surface of the ground.
 Type of Equipment used
Crawler Dozer with Earthmoving Blades.

Crawler Dozer with Special Clearing Blades.

Crawler Dozer with Clearing Racks.

 Clearing Techniques
Two Techniques :-

1) Shearing at Ground level and Piling operation.

2)Removal of trees and stumps to below ground level.

 Ripping Rock
The Ripper is a narrow profile implement.
Penetrates the earth and pulls to loosen and split the
ground matters.
Ripping of Rock has become easier due to
development of equipments.
1) Heavier and more powerful Dozer.
2)Development of Impact Rippers.
3) Easy determination of Rippability of Rock.
4)Improved techniques in using the equipments.
Ripper Performance Chart
 Ripper Attachment
It is mounted at the rear part of Dozer.
Two types mounting :-
-- Radial.
-- Parallelogram.
Parts– Shank, Ripper tip.
Service life of the Tip – 30mim to 1000hrs.
Shanks :–
Straight– massive and blocky formation.
Curved– Bedded or laminated rocks.
R
I
P
P
E
R
 Ripper Attachment
The effectiveness of a ripper depends on :-
1. Down pressure at he ripper tip.
2. The Dozer’s usable power to advance the tip.
3. Properties of material being ripped.
Number of shanks depend upon :-
1. Size of Dozer.
2. Depth of penetration desired.
3. The resistance of material.
4. Degree of Breakage of material being Ripped.
Example
Q.)
Determine the output of bulldozer operated by an
average operator having 215HP engine, fitted with A-
blade rated capacity 4.40cubm. The dozer is
employed for excavating a hard clayey area with
average haulage of 50 meters, on ground with down
slope of 10% and 13% swelling takes place. The
atmosphere is dusty. It has direct drive transmission,
and its expected performance is 50min/hr.
Solution
Output/hr =Ideal output/hr * correction factor *
performance factor

(a)Ideal output/hr for 50m haulage of 215HP dozer with

‘S’ blade of capacity 4.40cubm

=160LCM(approx.)
(b)Correction factor :
-soil factor for hard digging =0.67
-operator factor =0.75
-blade factor for A blade =0.65
-grade factor for 10% down grade =1.25 (graph)
-transmission factor for direct drive =0.8
-swell factor of clayey soil =1.13
-visibility factor =0.8
Total correction factor
=0.67*0.75*0.65*1.25*0.8*0.8*(1/1.13)
=0.23
(c)performance factor for 50 min/hr working =0.83

Therefor expected output in BCM

=160*0.23*0.83
=30.80 BCM