DATA

COLLECTION
z
PROCEDURE
 z

The success of any research depends

of the kind of data yielded, how these
data are collected, collated and
subjected to appropriate testing tools
and how these are analyzed and
interpreted.
 STEPS
z IN DATA COLLECTION
1. Explain what tests and other
measures will be used.
2. Clarify how the tasks will be
performed;
3. Explained how the instruments will
be administered; and
4. Describe how the method of data
collection such as observations and
interview will be carried out.
 z METHODS OF
COLLECTING DATA
1. Use of already existing or available
data. Pertinent records, reports and
other documents of an institution.
2. Use of observers’ data. Gathered
through actual observation and
recording of events. For ethical
reasons, the subjects must be
informed that they are being
observed.
 z METHODS OF
COLLECTING DATA
Types of observer:
a. Non-participant observer
b. Participant observer
3. Use of self-reporting or the
Reporting Approach. Uses a specially
prepared document intended to collect
data called “instruments”
 DATA
z ANALYSIS
 z KINDS OF STATISTICS
1. Descriptive Statistics. Statistics intended
to organize and summarize numerical
data from the population and sample.
Uses of Descriptive statistics:
a. Measures and condenses data in
frequency distribution and graphic
presentation.
b. Measures of central tendency to describe
the mean, median or mode of the data
gathered.
 z KINDS OF STATISTICS
2. Inferential Statistics. Concerned
with population and the use of
sample data to predict the future
occurrences.
Purpose:
a. To estimate population parameter
using sampling error, sampling
distribution and sampling bias.
b. Testing the null hypothesis
 STATISTICAL
z TOOLS FOR
TREATMENT OF DATA
1. Percentage (P). Usually being used
to present the profile of respondents
or variables been collected.
2. Ranking. Used to determine the
order of decreasing magnitude of
variables.
 STATISTICAL
z
TOOLS FOR
TREATMENT OF DATA
3. Weighted Mean. To describe/
present the overall average
responses/perceptions of the
respondents. (Include the interval
and verbal interpretation)
4. Measures of Central Tendency
5. Standard Deviation-homogeneity
and heterogeneity of variance of
variables.
 STATISTICAL
z
TOOLS FOR
TREATMENT OF DATA
6. T-test- compares the responses of
two respondent groups under
investigation on a certain
phenomenon.
7. One-Way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA)-used to test mean
differences among three or more
group by comparing variability
between groups to variability within
groups.
 STATISTICAL
z
TOOLS FOR
TREATMENT OF DATA

8. Correlation Coefficients-
9. Multiple Regression Analysis. Used
to correlate more than two variables.