Fourth Quarter

Exam
REVIEWER
READING AND WRITING
Critical Reading
as Looking
for Ways of
Thinking
The meaning of words may
be implied in three ways:

•Text
•Reader’s Context
•Author’s Context
Simple Reading Critical Reading
• It gives the • After recognizing
basic basic definition
of what a text
definition of says, it a text.
a text. reflects on what
the text does by
making judgment.
Simple Reading Critical Reading
• Its central • Its certain goal is
idea is the to recognize the
author’s purpose in
message being writing the
imparted. material,
understand the tone
and persuasive
elements in it, and
to recognize bias
in the text.
Simple Reading Critical Reading
• It recognizes • It recognizes
what text says. what a text says,
what a text says.
reflects on what
the text does,
and infers on
what the text
means.
Simple Reading Critical Reading
• The reader • The reader
absorbs and actively
understands. recognizes and
analyzes evidence
in the text.
C. CRITICAL READING STRATEGIES
1. Keeping a reading journal
2. Annotating the text
3. Outlining the text
4. Summarizing the text
5. Questioning the text
DETERMINING EXPLICIT AND IMPLICIT INFORMA

1. EXPLICIT INFORMATION
- is clearly written and
explained in the text so that
the reader will not be
confused
2. IMPLICIT INFORMATION is something
hat is implied, but not stated outright in
the text. The writer’s ideas are not
explicitly stated. For his/her intentions to
be revealed, the writer merely uses clues,
hints, words, or symbols to point out her
point.
 Explicit Questions:

• Who are the characters in the story?

• Who is considered a lazy creature?

 Implicit Questions:

• What did the ant feel about grasshopper?

• How would you compare the ant from the

grasshopper?

• Why did the ant share his stored food to the

grasshopper?
INTERTEXTUALITY is the modeling of a text's
meaning by another text. It is defined as the
connections between language, images,
characters, themes, or subjects depending on their
similarities in language, genre or discourse.

This view recognizes that the text is always

influenced by previous texts.
 The definition of intertextuality was
created by
the French semiotician Julia Kristeva in
the 1960s.She created the term from the Latin
word “intertexto”, which means “to
intermingle while weaving.” Kristeva
argued that all works of literature being produced
contemporarily are intertextual with the works that
Common Examples of Intertextuality
We use different examples of intertextuality
frequently in common speech, like the following:
1. He was lying so obviously, you could almost see
his nose growing.
2. He’s asking her to the prom. It’s like a happy
version of Romeo and Juliet.
3. It’s hard being an adult! Peter Pan had the right
idea.
 • Hypertext connects topics on a screen to related
information, graphics, videos, and music -- information is
not simply related to text.
 •This information appears as
links and is usually accessed by
clicking. The reader can jump to more
information about a topic, which in turn
may have more links.
•This opens up the reader to a wider
horizon of information to a new direction
Hypertext – is when you type a word and attach a link to that word so that upon clicking
on that word, the reader is sent to the site attached. A hypertext is looks like this: Google
Hyperlink – is when you type the link of the website you would like to quickly send the
reader. A hyperlink looks like this: www.google.com or “facebook” that links to the
facebook page.
The World Wide Web (www) is a global hypertext system of information residing on
servers linked across the internet.
Hypertext is the foundation of the World Wide Web enabling users to click on link to
obtain more information on a subsequent page on the same site or from website
anywhere in the world.
The term “Hypertext” was coined by Ted Nelson in 1963.
Hypertext was developed in the early 1990s by Tin Berners-Lee and Robert Cailiau at the
CERN European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Geneva, Switzerland.
Hypertext materials include pictures, video materials animated and audio illustrations. All
those possibilities make hypertext materials content high and suitable for educational
purposes.
Types of Claims
Claim of Fact

Claim of Value

Claim of Policy
 Claim of Fact
Asserts that the condition has existed, exists
or will exist.

To support use – factual evidence, that is

sufficient, reliable and appropriate.
 Claim of Fact
- state a quantifiable assertion, or a measurable
topic
- assert that it has existed, exists, or will exist
based on some data
- rely on reliable sources or systematic procedures
to be validated
- usually answer a “what” question
 Claim of Value
Makes a judgment : expresses approval or
disapproval about something; attempts to show
that something is wrong or right, moral/ immoral,
beautiful or ugly.

To support use - you must establish standards that

you are using to measure the beauty or morality of
your topic.
 Claim of Value

- consists of arguments about moral, philosophical

or aesthetic topics
- always prove that some values are more or less
desirable compared to others
- attempt to explain how problems, situations, or
issues ought to be valued
 Claim of Policy
Argues that something should or should
not be done, believed, banned; argues
for a course of action.

To support - you must first convince the

audience that a problem exists and then
prove that your policy will fix it.
 Claim of Policy

- KEYWORDS: “should,” “ought to,”

and/or “must”
- usually answer “HOW” questions
 CRITICAL
READING AS
REASONING
 EVALUATIVE STATEMENT
It is a way of giving a better
explanation to show the strength and
the weaknesses of something
through writing.
It presents a value judgment based
on a set of criteria.
 EVALUATIVE STATEMENT
It is used in giving a sound
judgement - a judgment that can be
backed up or supported by valid
reasons or proofs.
It is the writer’s way of explaining
why a strength is a strength and a
weakness a weakness based on the
evidences gathered.
 You may compose your evaluative
statements in two steps:
1. Formulating Assertions about the
Content and the Properties of a
text Read
2. Formulating a meaningful
counterclaim in response to a
claim made in the text read
FORMULATING ASSERTIONS ABOUT THE CONTENT
AND THE PROPERTIES OF A TEXT READ

In this step, you have to examine

which ideas are facts or opinions, make
inferences or conclusions, and assess
the overall quality of the text. This
assertions usually contain evaluative
languages such as useful, significant,
important, insightful, detailed, up-to-
date, comprehensive, practical, etc.
FORMULATING A MEANINGFUL COUNTERCLAIM
IN RESPONSE TO A CLAIM MADE IN THE
TEXT READ

Counterclaim is the opposition you

make about the claim of a writer.

You must recognize the

value of
counterclaims.
hedges when you state your
FORMULATING A MEANINGFUL COUNTERCLAIM
IN RESPONSE TO A CLAIM MADE IN THE
TEXT READ

A hedge is a word or phrase that

minimizes negative impact of a
criticism.
When you are presenting
your
counterclaim,
criticism youare
since you arestating
providing
that the
claim is not true. Hedge is used to give
a courteous tome in your writing.
ASSERTION
An assertion is a statement used to make a
declaration or to express strong belief on a
particular topic, often without evidence.
An assertion can be formulated after reading
a story or a poem, and even after watching a
play.
Different TYPES of ASSERTION can be used in formal or
informal writing. This includes:
Basic Assertion,
 Emphatic Assertion
 I-Language Assertion.
 1.Basic Assertion
 is a statement used to express the writer's feelings,
beliefs, and opinions directly. This type of assertion is
usually used in writing formal papers like thesis and
dissertation.
Example:
The Philippines has an advanced civilization before the
colonization of Spain. Form and branches of government
social structure and the existence of ancient writing are
some of the evidence that proves the advancement of th
precolonial period.
 2. Emphatic Assertion
is a statement used to express empathy or on how a
person understands the feelings and emotions of the
literary author. This can be used on writing a formal or
informal paper.
It is usually composed of two parts:
1) the first part is the statement that recognizes
the
situation or even the feelings of the characters on the text
being read
2.) the second statement where the writer states
his
stand about the situation.
 3. I - Language Assertion
 is a statement used to express the feeling and preference of the
writer.
 It is called I-Language because it focuses on the writer and is
using the pronoun ‘I’. This type of assertion is recommended if the
author wants to express negative feelings and opinion. This is
best used in writing a review or reflection paper.
 It is composed of Three parts.
 The first part contains the accurate information from literary work,
especially the topic the writer disagrees with (When you. . .).
 The second part includes the effect or feeling of the writer towards the
topic (It affects/I feel...).
 The last part includes the preference or recommendation of the writer
(Therefore, I prefer/I want...).
 Two (2) factors that must be considered before formulating
assertion

1. Determine the type of paper you are going to write - and can
either be formal or informal paper.
2. Determine the type of literary work you are going to examine
including novel, poem, journal article or theatre play.

It is best to include facts and evidence after every assertion.

This is done to make a strong stand on every claimed assertion.
 FINDING
TEXTUAL
EVIDENCE
 What is Text Evidence?

• Information you find in the

selection that helps support your
answer
• Taken WORD FOR WORD exactly
as it is written
• Place QUOTATON MARKS “ǥ”
around the evidence
How do you find text evidence?

P ---- PAGE/PARAGRAPH/PASSAGE
R ---- REFERENCE the specific location
O ---- OFFERS support
V ---- VIEW of author
E ---- EYE can see it

I --- INFERENCES
T --- TEXT FEATURES http://howtobecomesb.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/detective_custom-
021d53e2e5bea6217a567b650e712161b14a917b-s6-c30-300x284.jpg
 Purposeful
Writing in the
Disciplines and
for Professions
 PURPOSE: A Crucial
Consideration in Academic and
Professional Writing
Every time you engage in writing
whether it is for academic
purposes or for the professional
field, it is a requirement that you
identify first your purpose.
 PURPOSE: A Crucial
Consideration in Academic and
Professional Writing
The objective of your writing
would define the contents, the
organization, level of vocabulary,
the language use and even
format of your written output.
 PURPOSE: A Crucial
Consideration in Academic and
Professional Writing
“The writer must decide what the
specific purpose of his report is
and make sure that every part of
his report contributes to that
purpose”, Mills and Walter (1978)
 BOOK REVIEW OR
ARTICLE CRITIQUE
It is a form of literacy criticism in
which a book or article is
analysed in terms of its content,
style, and merit
 BOOK REVIEW OR
ARTICLE CRITIQUE
Three things in preparing a book
review:
1. Describes
2. Analyzes
3. Evaluates
 WRITING THE REVIEW
1. Include the author, place,
publisher, publication date, edition,
pages.
2. Provide a good opening statement.
3. Write review of the book or article.
Is this the best article or book?
Why or why not?
 WRITING THE REVIEW
4. Include information about the
author – reputation, qualifications,
and etc.
5. Consider the target reader for your
review. Include information based on
the needs of the reader.
 WRITING THE REVIEW

6. Provide a good conclusion. It could

be a final assessment of the review.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

A literature review involves

the analysis of a story, or a
fictitious written text.
 LITERATURE REVIEW
In writing a literature review, the ff. elements should be
considered:
1. What was the story about?
2. Who were the main characters?
3. Were the characters credible?
4. What did the main characters do in
the story? How did they contribute to
the conflict in the story?
 LITERATURE REVIEW
5. What is the conflict in the story?
6. Could relate to any characters in the
story?
7. Did you like the story?
8. What is your favourite part of the
story?
9. If you were to write the ending of the
 LITERATURE REVIEW

10. Would you recommend this story to

others? Why or why not?
 RESEARCH REPORT

It is done to recommend
solutions to an identified problem
for the target entities.
 RESEARCH REPORT
The main objective of a research
report is to communicate to the
readers the conducted research
in the most understandable way
possible, so it uses a specific
format.
 PROJECT PROPOSAL

A proposal contains proposed

solution to an identified problem.
 PROJECT PROPOSAL
INTRODUCTION:

-contains background of the

study
-includes the rationale,
objectives, and benefits
 PROJECT PROPOSAL
INTRODUCTION:

-contains the project description

which outlines how the problem
would be addressed
 PROJECT PROPOSAL
INTRODUCTION: Project
Description

1. Methodology
2. Schedule
3. Budget
 PROJECT PROPOSAL
Parts of an informal project
proposal:
1. Introduction
2. Discussion, and
3. Conclusion
It comes in a form of a memo, letter or e-
 POSITION PAPER
Position papers are written
with a purpose of presenting
your personal stance on an
issue and try to persuade the
readers to take on your side.
 POSITION PAPER
Basic Components:
1. A well-defined issue
2. A clear personal position about
the issue
3. A convincing argument
4. Reasonable tone
 RESUME
It serves as your marketing tool in order
to land a good job. It outlines your
education, qualifications and
achievements. The employer will base
the decision whether or not you will be
accepted in the company.
 RESUME
Parts of the Resume:
1. Personal Information
2. Work Experience
3. Educational Background
4. Seminars / Training Attended
5. Character references
 KINDS OF BUSINESS
CORRESPONDENCE
1. Sales Letter
2. Letter of Inquiry
3. Letter Making a Reservation
4. Order Letter
5. Letter of Resignation
6. Letter of Reference/Recommendation
 KINDS OF BUSINESS
CORRESPONDENCE
7. Letter of Acceptance
8. Letter of Refusal
9. Letter of Collection
10. Letter of Complaint
11. Letter of Adjustment
12. Memorandum
 SALES LETTER

A sales letter offers a product or

service to the potential clients. It has
to include good persuasive language
in order to attract buyers or
patronizers.
 LETTER OF INQUIRY

This letter is used to inquire pertinent

information on a specific subject. This
topic includes any information about
the product, services, or policies of
the company.
 APPLICATION FOR
EMPLOYENT

It is used together with the resume. It

is used to convey your intention to
apply for the vacant position in the
company.
 APPLICATION FOR
EMPLOYENT
1. State when and where you learned about
the vacant position
2. Indicate your intention to apply for the
vacant job
3. Indicate the knowledge, qualifications, ad
skills relevant for the job
4. 4. state the time availability for possible
call back.
Application for employment
COVER LETTER / APPLICATION LETTER:
- This is what you send to an employer explains why you are
qualified for the position and should be selected for an
interview. 
How to write COVER LETTER / APPLICATION LETTER:
1. Write the contact information at the top.
2. Address the letter with a name or title.
3. Express your interest in the first paragraph. State where you
found the position, and how you'll benefit the employer.
4. Summarize your strengths, qualifications,
and experience in the second paragraph.
5. Conclude with a one-sentence summary of
why you’re the perfect candidate.
6. Invite the hiring manager to contact you.
7. Sign off appropriately, and write your
name.