CAVITY WALLS

PRESENTED BY -
AISHWARYA DESHMUKH
ANIKET LATE
TEJAS JOSHI
DHANANJAY MARDA
PRITI PAWAR
Contents

 INTRODUCTION TO CAVITY WALL.

 WHY WE USE CAVITY WALL?
 TYPES OF CAVITY WALL.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF INSULATING MATERIALS .
 METHODS OF INSULATING CAVITY.
 ADVANTAGES OF CAVITY WALL.
 METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION OF CAVITY WALL.
 DETAIL SECTIONS OF CAVITY WALL.
 PRECAUTIONS WHILE CONSTRUCTING A CAVITY WALL.
 COST AND SAVINGS.
INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS CAVITY WALL ?

 A cavity wall or hollow wall is the one which consists of two

separate walls, called leaves or skins , with a cavity or gap in –
between them.
 The two leaves of the cavity wall may be of equal thickness, if it is
a non- load- bearing wall, then the internal leaf may be thicker than
the external leaf , to meet the structural requirements.
 The two portion of the wall may be connected together by metal
pins or bonding bricks at suitable interval.
TIES

 The tie in a cavity wall is a component used to tie the internal

and external walls (or leaves)—constructed of bricks or
cement blocks—together, making the two parts to act as a
homogeneous unit. It is placed in the cavity wall during
construction and spans the cavity. The ends of the tie are
designed to lock into the mortar. Also incorporated into the
design of the tie is means of preventing water transfer from the
outer to the inner leaves. In flat ties, this can be a twist. In wire
ties, this can be corrugations formed in the wire or again a twist.
WALL TIES

 Wall ties, sometimes called ‘brick ties’, are used in buildings with cavity walls.
They are used to join the two leaves of a cavity wall together, allowing the two
parts to act as a homogeneous unit. Hidden from view after construction, wall
ties play a vital role in ensuring the stability of a building.
 Wall tie design
 Most buildings built since the 1920’s feature cavity walls. Over the years, wall
tie shapes have evolved tremendously and various materials have been used
which are now obsolete e.g. plastic, galvanised steel. Prior to 1978, wall ties
were usually manufactured from galvanised mild steel. These ties were
expected to last the lifetime of the building, but it has since been recognised
that these wall ties can corrode after only 15-20 years.
 Types of wall ties
1. LADDER BLOCK REINFORCEMENT for
horizontal walls
2. TRUSS BLOCK REINFORCEMENT for
horizontal walls CAVITY WALL TIES
3. Corrugated Tie – V-Rib
4. CORRUGATED WALL TIE
5. TWISTED FISH TAIL TIE
6. STRAP ANCHOR
7. FISH TAIL TIE
8. Z- TYPE WALL TIE ANGLE TIE
9. FISH TAIL ANGLE
10.CORRUGATED ANGLE
1. ADJUSTABLE TIE DOVE TAIL CHANNEL
2. DOVE TAIL CHANNEL
3. ADJUSTABLE TIE MASONRY TO STEEL
& MOVEMENT TIES
4. MOVEMENT TIE
5. AT-3
6. MOVEMENT TIE: ANGLE LOADING
BRACKETS
7. LBA
8. LBP DROP PARTITION ANCHOR
9. DROP PARTITION ANCHOR – ROD
10.DROP PARTITION ANCHOR - CHANNEL
WHY WE USE CAVITY WALL ?
 Cavity walls are often constructed for giving better thermal insulation
to the building .
 It also prevents the dampness to enter and acts as sound insulation.
Thus they are normally the outer wall of the building.
 The size of cavity varies from 4 to 10 cm . The inner and the outer skins
should not be less than 10 cm each ( half brick).

Cavity between two leaf

TYPES OF INSULATION IN CAVITY WALL

 The three most common types of cavity wall insulation used are

 1. Blown mineral fiber .

 2. Polystyrene beads or granules .
 3. Urea formaldehyde foam .
 4. Cavity bat .
 5. Cavity board
1. BLOWN MINERAL FIBER

 Blown mineral fiber consists of strands of fiberglass or mineral

wool that are forced into the cavity using compressed air.
 Its like the mineral ‘quilt’ insulation used in lofts but broken up
into small tufts so it can be blown into the walls.
 It must be kept absolutely dry, or it loses its ability to insulate,
and it may settle over time, creating air pockets
at the top of walls.
2. POLYSTYRENE BEADS OR GRANULES

 Polystyrene beads may be supplied loose or in a light sticky resin to hold to

together .
 Polystyrene granules will stick together of their own accord due to their rough
shape .
 Both types of materials are blown into cavity using compressed air.
 They are also popular, as they trap heat very efficiently and create gap-free wall
insulation.
 However, loose granules have been known to escape through air bricks and can
gush out of you ever need to
have work done that involves drilling or
cutting into the wall.
3. UREA FROMALDEHYDE FOAM

 Urea formaldehyde foam is created within the wall cavity by

injecting and simultaneously mixing two chemical components
to from the foam which them expands to fill the cavity .
 Foam offers the best thermal cavity wall insulation, but
installation is tricky and needs expert attention, and some foams
have been known to degrade in long term.
4. CAVITY BAT

 Cavity Bat which is soft flexible 455mm high and 1200mm long
and available in various thicknesses.
 They are made from layers of mineral fibres treated with a
water repellent.
 Water will not penetrate through the bats but will drain down,
between the laminations of bat. This type of insulation material
is designed to completely fill the cavity.
5. CAVITY BOARD

 As a cavity board, which is a rigid board made of expanded

polystyrene bead board, extruded polystyrene or
polyisocyanurate foam and glass fiber.
 The insulation material is designed to be fixed flat against the
cavity face of the inner leaf of the wall and to partially fill the
cavity.
METHODS OF INSULATING CAVITIES IN CAVITY
WALLS

There are three methods of Insulating Cavities :

1) Full Fill Cavity.

2) Partial Fill Cavity.
3) Injecting Insulation into Existing Cavity Wall.
1. FULL FILL CAVITY INSULATION

 This type of cavity insulation makes use of soft flexible bats which completely
fill the cavity. They are squeezed between Two Rows of ordinary wall ties
spaced at 450mm apart vertically.
 Two ties are required at the top and bottom of each bat and at least 600mm
apart horizontally.
 It will sometimes be necessary to use small strips cut
from bats to gain the correct height required around
windows and doors openings.
 The cut surface of the pieces should not be placed in
contact with the outer leaf as this will allow water
to be conducted through the bat to the inner leaf.
 2. PARTIAL FILL CAVITY

 This type of cavity insulation makes use of rigid flat boards which
are secured to the face of the inner leaf and partially fill the cavity.
 They are securely fixed using rows of special wall ties spaced
450mm apart vertically. The ties have a round plastic device which
keeps the boards flat against the inner surface of the wall.
 When the boards are fixed in place, the clear
space between the face of the board and
the outer wall is usually not less than 50mm
should be clear of any mortar droppings.
3) INJECTING INSULATION INTO EXISTING CAVITY

 Many cavity wall can be insulated by injecting insulation

material into the cavity from outside. The insulation material is
usually either mineral wool or polystyrene beads, but
polyurethane foam may sometimes be used instead.
 To insulate cavity wall, the installer drills small holes around
22mm size at interval of around 1m in outer wall.
 Then the installer blows insulation into cavity using special
equipment once the insulation is in, the installer fills the holes in
the brickwork.
ADVANTAGES OF THE CAVITY WALLS
 There is no direct contact between the inner and the outer leaves of
the wall (except at the wall ties ). Hence the external moisture
( dampness ) cannot travel inside the building .
 The cavity between the two leaves is full of air which is bad conductor
of heat ,Hence transmission of heat from external face to the inside the
room is very much reduced .
 Cavity wall have about 25 % greater insulation value than the solid
walls.
 Cavity wall also offers good insulation against sound .
 Loads on foundation are reduced because of lesser solid thickness.
DETAILS AT THE
OPENING...
DETAIL AT
SILL LVL

DETAIL AT
VERTICAL SECTION
LINTEL
LVL
METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION OF A CAVITY WALL

A cavity wall is composed of two masonry walls separated by an air space. The outer wall is made
of brick and faces the outside of the building structure. The inner wall may be constructed of
masonry units such as concrete block, structural clay, brick or reinforced concrete. These two
walls are fastened together with metal ties or bonding blocks. The ties strengthen the cavity wall.
The water barrier is a thin membrane that keeps moisture away from the cavity side of the
interior wall.
The flashing component is important .Its main purpose is to direct water out of the cavity. Metal
flashing usually extends from the interior wall through the outer wall and a weep hole with a
downward curve allows the water to drain. Flashing systems in cavity walls are typically located
close to the base of the wall, so that it will collect the water that goes down the wall.
PRECAUTIONS WHILE CONSTRUCTING A CAVITY
WALL.

 Breathing Performance; early cavity wall buildings exchange

moisture readily with the indoor and outdoor environment.
Materials used for repairs must be selected with care to not affect
the materials's breathing performance.
 Cavity wall insulation installed in older buildings can create
problems with moisture retention.
 Thermal mass  cavity walls are thick walls. These help stabilize the
interior environment of a building better than thinner modern
walls.
 Weep holes  are drainage holes left in the exterior wall of the
cavity wall, to provide an exit way for water in the cavity.
 Expansion and control joints  do not have to be aligned in cavity
walls.
 In modern cavity wall construction, cavity insulation is typically
added. This construction makes it possible to add a continuous
insulation layer between the two wythes and, vertically, through
the slabs, which minimizes thermal bridges.
 Environmental Influences: The orientation or design of a
building may affect the performance of different façades on a
building. Some walls may receive more rainwater and wind than
others depending in their orientation or protection to some of
the faces. 
 Damp: Moisture is one of the main problems in materials
weathering.
 Preventing Dampness in Cavity Wall :-
 When constructing Cavity Wall it is essential that good building practices are
applied. Dampness and the prevention of water into a building must be avoided
at all costs.
 Cavity wall are designed to prevent from dampness as well as providing better
thermal insulation to the building. However, dampness or moisture penetration
can occur if the cavity is bridged.
The most common situations which can form a bridge are :-
1) Excessive mortar droppings forming the bridge between the cavity.
2) Incorrect placement of wall ties.
Lack of or badly placed, DPC membranes at crucial openings in the building.
COST & SAVINGS :

 Typical installation costs of cavity wall insulation vary

depending on the size of home. It is able to make back the
installation cost in 5 years or less due to yearly energy bill
saving. It is might able to reduce these costs by not tackling the
hole house at once.
THANK YOU