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Lecture 1: Limits, Derivatives, The Product Rule, The Quotient Rule, and The Chain Rule
Lecture 1: Limits, Derivatives, The Product Rule, The Quotient Rule, and The Chain Rule
• (if )
• Etc.
Continuity
• Definition:
is continuous at a if both and exist
and are equal.
• Note: Polynomials are always continuous
everywhere. Most functions we will be working
with are continuous almost everywhere.
Discontinuous functions
•may
fail to be continuous at because:
1. or does not exist.
• Example: If then does not exist.
• Example: If then is undefined.
2. or both exist but have different values.
• Example: If then = 1 but
Two Trigonometric Limits
• How
do and behave as ?
• Consider . We can’t cancel and directly,
but if we think about it…
x
1
sin(x) 1
x x
x sin(x)
Example: If then
Example: If then
Leibniz Notation
•• So
far, we have written the derivative of a function f as f’.
• Another notation, devised by Leibniz, is .
• Warning: is a single function. and do not have values on their
own.
4
Example: If then then if we 3
2
take and , the mean value
theorem tells us that there is a 1
f(x) 0
such that . This is indeed true -1
as
-2
-3
-4
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
x
Average and Instantaneous Speed
• The idea behind the derivative is that if we look
at smaller and smaller intervals (taking the limit
as the length of the interval approaches 0), the
average speed over the interval approaches the
instantaneous speed.
• The mean value theorem says that over any
interval, there is some point where the
instantaneous speed matches the average speed.
• Warning: These statements are only true for
differentiable position functions. Otherwise,
weird stuff can happen.
Other Consequences of the Mean
Value Theorem
• If
on an interval then f is increasing on
that interval (increasing means that
implies that ).
• If on an interval then f is decreasing on
that interval.
• If on an interval then f is constant on
that interval.
Part III: Rules for Derivatives
Objectives:
• Know
the derivatives of , ,
• Know the product rule, quotient rule, and
chain rule and be able to use them to
compute sums, products, quotients, and
compositions of these functions.
• If then
• This holds for all n, not just nonnegative integers! We’ll prove
this for rational numbers later using implicit differentiation.
Derivative
of
•
• Recall that
• Recall that
• If then
Derivative
of
•
• Following similar reasoning, if then
Derivatives of Sums and Differences
•