Phonology and phonetic

transcription
Phonology and phonetic transcription
• Phonetic transcription is an important tool used to describe speech.
• Citation style shows how a word is pronounced. Transcriptions of
citation style are used in language documentation and lexicography.
• Connected speech the style that used in normal conversation .
• Phonology is the study of sounds patterns in a language.
• Phoneme is the smallest unit that we can used to distinguish two
different words. It is not a single sound, but a name for a group of sounds.
• Phonemic transcriptions transcribe the variations between sounds that
cause a difference in meaning.
THE TRANSCRIPTION OF CONSONANTS
• Minimal set is a set of words in which one word differs from the
others by only one sound.
• In the table 2.1, most of the symbols are similar to spelling letters but
there are some cases different. For example, the letter “c” in English
sometimes is pronounced as “s” in “cent” and sometimes as “k” in
“car”.
• There are some phonetic symbols that don’t exit in the alphabet.
• The symbol [ η ] is a combination of the letter n and the tail of the
letter g.
• The symbol [θ ], an upright version of the Greek letter theta.
THE TRANSCRIPTION OF CONSONANTS
• The symbol [ð], called eth, is derived from an Anglo-Saxon letter.
• The symbol [ʃ] for the voiceless palato-alveolar fricative in shy, sheep,
rash.
• The symbol [ʒ] is like a long z.
• The glottal stop [Ɂ] is a symbol based on the question mark. It only appears
in some case like spelling a word initially before vowels in American English
or between vowels in words like butter and button where other dialects have
a variant of [t].
• The palato-alveolar affricative [tʃ] and [dʒ] in some books they are described
as a single unit like [č] , [ĭ].
 THE TRANSCRIPTION OF VOWELS

• The transcription of vowel is more difficult

than consonant because of differences in
English accent and authorities’ view.
• American English pronounce [r] sounds
after vowels, as well as before them,
whereas in most forms of British English,
[r] can occur only before a vowel.
• Diphthongs—movements from one vowel
to another within a single syllable.
• The first column is suitable for many forms
of American English and the second for
many forms of British English.
CONSONANT AND VOWEL CHARTS
• The consonant is shorthand descriptions of the articulations and the
vowel chart is shorthand descriptions for different vowel qualities.
• All these sounds will also require gestures of the other three main
components of the speech mechanism.
• The airstream process in which the airstream is pushed out of the
lungs to create sounds.
• The phonation process in which the vocal folds’ vibrations help
distinguish voiced and voiceless sounds.
• The oro-nasal process in which the velum is raised or lowered
create the differences in nasal and oral sounds.
CONSONANT AND VOWEL CHARTS
PHONOLOGY
• Phonology is the set of rules describing the relation of the underlying
sounds and the phonetic form that can be observed
• Some phonemes may have a slightly different in pronouncing when
they occurs in different context. To indicate the difference we add a
small mark, called diacritic, to a symbol.
• [ ̪] represents a dental articulation
[ ̥ ] represents a voiceless sound
[ ː] represents a longer sound
• An allophone is a variant of a phoneme in a different context.
PHONOLOGY
• Broad transcription describes phonetic transcription in simplest
symbols. Ex: please /pliːz/
• Narrow transcription shows more phonetic detailed by using specific
symbols. Ex: please /pl̥iːz/
• Systematic phonetic transcription
• Impressionistic transcription