THE MAJOR

FOUNDATION OF
CURRICULUM
 BEHAVIOURISM
• the theory that human and animal behavior
can be explained in terms of conditioning,
without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and
that psychological disorders are best treated
by altering behavior patterns.
•Law of effect
•Law of exercise
•Law of readiness
 BF SKINNER(1900-1990)

Skinner considered free will an illusion and

human action dependent on consequences of
previous actions. If the consequences are bad,
there is a high chance the action will not be
repeated; if the consequences are good, the
probability of the action being repeated becomes
stronger. Skinner called this the principle of
reinforcement.
 ALBERT BANDURA(1925-PRESENT)

The social learning theory of Bandura

emphasized the importance of observing
and modelling the behaviors, attitudesand
emotional reactions of others. According to
Bandura, learning would be slow process if
people had to rely solely on their own
efforts to do anything.
 COGNITIVISM
• Cognitivism is a learning theory that focuses
on the processes involved in learning rather
than on the observed behavior. As opposed to
Behaviorists, Cognitivists do not require an
outward exhibition of learning, but focus more
on the internal processes and connections that
take place during learning.
 HUMANISM
• Humanism is a philosophical stance that
emphasizes the value and agency of
human beings, individually and
collectively. The meaning of the
term humanismhas fluctuated according
to the successive intellectual movements
which have identified with it.
 HUMANISM IN THE CLASSROOM
• Establish s warm, democratic, positive and non-
threatening learning environment in which learner’s
self-concept and self-esteem are considered essential
factors in learning.
• Teachers should be role models and should set good
examples.
• Students and teachers plan together the experiences
and activities of the curriculum.
• Learning is based on life experiences, discovery,