锅炉补给水处理

boiler make-up water treatment

张维科
13891969820

2018 年 10 月 · 萨希瓦尔
电厂

05/18/2020
 主要内容
main content
1 ）锅炉补给水处理的目的
Purpose of boiler make-up water treatment
2 ）锅炉补给水标准
Boiler feed water standard
3 ）天然水的主要杂质
main impurities of natural water
4 ）锅炉补给水制备工艺
preparation process of boiler make-up water treatment
5 ）锅炉补给水的存储
storage of boiler make-up water treatment
6 ）锅炉补给水的设计原则
Design principles of boiler make-up water treatment
7 ）制水工艺中的水质监督
Supervision of water quality in water making process

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 1 、锅炉补给水处理的目的

通过混凝、沉淀、过滤、除盐等水处理方法除去原水中的悬浮
物、有机物、胶体、离子等杂质，从而获得满足锅炉需要的纯净的
补充水，有效防止和减少锅炉结垢、腐蚀及其蒸汽品质恶化而造成
的事故，保证电厂热力设备的安全、经济、节能、环保运行。
By coagulation, sedimentation, filtration, desalination water treatment method
s, such as to remove suspended solids, organic matter in raw water, colloid, i
mpurities, such as ion to obtain satisfy boiler need to supplement the pure wat
er, effectively prevent and reduce the boiler scaling, corrosion and steam quali
ty deterioration caused by the accidents, ensure the safety of power plant ther
mal equipment, economy, energy saving, environmental protection.

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 2 、锅炉补给水标准
GB/T12145-2016
除盐水箱进水电导率
锅炉过热蒸 二氧化硅 （ 25℃ ） μS/cm 除盐水箱出口 TOCi
汽压力 MPa μg/L 电导率 μS/cm μg/L
标准 期望值

5.9~12.6 － ≤0.20 － －
12.7~18.3 ≤20 ≤0.20 ≤0.10 ≤0.40 ≤400
>18.3 ≤10 ≤0.15 ≤0.10 ≤200
注：必要时监测，对于供热机组，补给水 TOCi 含量应满足给水 TOCi 含量合格。

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 2 、 Boiler feed water standard
GB/T12145-2016
Water conductivity of
desalted water
Superheated steam SiO tank （ 25℃ ） μS/cm Exit conductivity
2 of desalted water TOCi
pressure
μg/L tank μg/L
MPa
standard expectations μS/cm

5.9~12.6 － ≤0.20 － －
12.7~18.3 ≤20 ≤0.20 ≤0.10 ≤0.40 ≤400
>18.3 ≤10 ≤0.15 ≤0.10 ≤200
Note: when necessary, the TOCi content of supply water should meet the requirements of
supply water for heating units.

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 3 、天然水的主要杂质
main impurities of natural water
 1. 悬浮物 Suspended Solids
水中的悬浮物是指水样通过孔径为 0.45μm 的滤膜，截留在
滤膜上并于 103 ～ 105℃ 烘干至恒重的物质。悬浮物在水中是不稳
定的，在重力或者浮力作用下会发生沉淀或者上浮。悬浮物主要由
水中的砂粒、黏土微粒和一些动植物生命活动过程中产生的物质或
死亡后产生的腐败产物等组成。直径约在 0.1~10μm 之间，肉眼可
见。
The suspended solids in the water refers to water through the membrane
pore size of 0.45 microns, trapped on the membrane filter and in 103 ~ 105 ℃ d
rying to constant weight of the material. Suspended matter is unstable in water
and may precipitate or float under the action of gravity or buoyancy. Suspended
material is mainly composed of sand particles in water, clay particles and some
substances produced in the process of life activities of animals and plants or put
refactive products after death. Diameter is about 0.1~10 μm, visible to the nake
d eye.

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 3 、天然水的主要杂质
main impurities of natural water
 2. 胶体 Colloid
胶体是天然水中的主要杂质，也是火电厂水处理中要除去的主
要杂质之一。常见的胶体物质有铁、铝、硅的各种化合物。另外，腐殖
酸等能溶于水的大分子有机物也具有胶体的性质，通常也列入胶体的范
围。胶体大多是由许多不溶于水的大分子组成的集合体，粒径为 0.001µ
m ～ 0.1µm 。
Colloids are the main impurities in natural water and also one of th
e main impurities to be removed in water treatment of thermal power pl
ants. Common colloid material has iron, aluminum, silicon various com
pounds. In addition, humic acid and other water-soluble macromolecula
r organics also have the properties of colloids, which are usually includ
ed in the scope of colloids. Most colloids are aggregates of large molec
ules that do not dissolve in water, with particle sizes of 0.001µm ~ 0.1 µ
m.

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 3 、天然水的主要杂质
main impurities of natural water
 3. 溶解杂质 dissolved solid
溶解杂质包括无机盐和溶解气体。无机盐杂质来源于水流经过的地层、
土壤等溶解的某些矿物质，如石灰石、石膏、白云石、钠盐矿、钾盐矿以及铝化
合物和硅化合物。天然水中常见的溶解气体杂质包括二氧化碳和硫化氢等。粒径
<0.001µm
Dissolved impurities include inorganic salts and dissolved gases. Inorganic salt i
mpurities are derived from certain minerals dissolved in the strata and soil throu
gh which water flows, such as limestone, gypsum, dolomite, sodium salt, potas
h, and aluminum and silicon compounds. Common dissolved gas impurities in n
atural water include carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Particle size of < 0.00
1 µm
 4. 有机物 organic compound
有机物是指水中所含的各种形态的有机物质，这些有机物会以悬浮物、
胶体或溶解态存在于水中。
Organic matter refers to various forms of organic matter contained in water,
which can be present in water in suspended matter, colloids or dissolved states.

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 混凝澄清 过滤 除盐
4 、锅炉补给水制备工艺
高效澄清池 滤池 反渗透
机械搅拌澄 机械过滤器 离子交换器
清池 膜滤 EDI 除盐
微涡流澄清
池
气浮池

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 混凝澄清 过滤 除盐
preparation process of make-up water treatment
高效澄清池 滤池 反渗透
机械搅拌澄 机械过滤器 离子交换器
清池 膜滤 EDI 除盐
微涡流澄清
池
气浮池

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 4.1 、混凝澄清处理
Coagulation clarification treatment
 1 ）混凝澄清原理
Coagulation clarification principle
 2 ）常用的混凝剂、助凝剂
Commonly used coagulant, coagulant aid
 3 ）混凝澄清设备
Coagulation clarification equipment
 4 ）混凝澄清处理的主要影响因素
main influencing factors of coagulation clarification

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 1 ）混凝澄清原理
Coagulation clarification principle

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 2 ）常用的混凝剂、助凝剂
 1 ．聚合氯化铝（ PAC ）
 使用 pH=5~9 ；剂量 20 ～ 100mg/L
混 明显。
特点：絮凝体形成快而粗大、活性高、沉淀快、对高浊度水净化效果

凝  2 ．聚合硫酸铁（ PFS ）
使用 pH=4-11 ，最佳 pH 为 6-9 。剂量 30 ～ 50mg/L
剂 对微污染、含藻类、低温低浊原水净化处理效果显著，对高浊度原
水净化效果尤佳
 3 ．硫酸亚铁（ FeSO4·7H2O ）
在石灰处理系统中的应用比较广泛。使用 pH=5-11 ，最佳 pH 为 9 。
助凝剂  聚丙烯酰胺 (PAM)
特点：
1 ）分子为长链结构，且分子量很大，一般为 103~107 ；
2 ）水溶性好，分子量对溶解度的影响较小，能以任何比例溶解于水；
3 ）水溶液为均匀透明的液体。

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2 ） Commonly used coagulant, coagulant aid
 1 ． poly aluminum chloride （ PAC ）
use pH=5~9 ； dose 20 ～ 100mg/L
混 Flocculation formed quickly and thickly, had high activity, precipitated quickl
y, and had obvious effect on the purification of high turbidity water.
 2 ． Polymerized ferrous sulfate （ PFS ）
凝 use pH=4-11 ， best pH=6-9 。 dose 30 ～ 50mg/L
The treatment effect on micropollution, algae, low temperature and low turb
剂 idity raw water is remarkable, especially on high turbidity raw water
 3 ． Ferrous sulfate （ FeSO4·7H2O ）
It is widely used in lime treatment system 。 use pH=5-11 ， best pH 为 9 。
助凝剂  poly(N-isopropyl-acrylamide)(PAM)
1 ） Molecule is long chain structure, and the molecular weight is very large, gen
erally 103~107 ；
2 ） Water solubility is good, molecular weight has little effect on solubility, and c
an be dissolved in water in any proportion ；
3 ） The aqueous solution is a uniform transparent liquid 。

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 3 ）混凝澄清设备
Coagulation clarification equipment
高效澄清池 High efficiency clarifier
机械搅拌澄清池 Mechanical stirring clarifier
微涡流混凝澄清器 Micro eddy settling pond
气浮池 Air flotation pool

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 4 ）混凝澄清处理的主要影响因素
main influencing factors of coagulation clarification
1 、水温 water temperature
高价金属盐类混凝剂的水解反应是吸热反应，水温低时，混凝剂水解比较困难，所形成的絮凝
物结构疏松，含水量多，颗粒细小，不利于胶体的脱稳；水温低时，水的黏度大，水流剪切力大，絮凝
物不易长大，沉降速度慢。
The hydrolysis of high-priced metal salt coagulants is endothermic reaction. When the water temperat
ure is low, the hydrolysis of the coagulants is difficult. The flocculation formed is loose in structure, co
ntains much water and has fine particles, which is not conducive to the stability of the colloids. When
water temperature is low, water viscosity is high, water shear force is high, flocs are not easy to grow,
and sedimentation rate is slow.
采用铝盐混凝剂时，水温在 20 ～ 30℃ 比较适宜。相比之下，铁盐混凝剂受温度的影响较小，
针对低温水处理效果较好。
Using aluminum salt coagulants, be suitable water temperature in the 20 ~ 30 ℃. In comparison, the
effect of iron salt coagulant on temperature is less, and the treatment effect is better for low temperat
ure water.
2 、水的 pH 值和碱度 PH and alkalinity of water

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 4 ）混凝澄清处理的主要影响因素
main influencing factors of coagulation clarification
 3 、水的浊度 turbidity of water
原水浊度小于 50FTU 时，浊度越低越难处理。当原水浊度小于 20FTU
时，为了保证混凝效果，通常采用加入黏土增浊、泥渣循环、加入助凝剂等方
法；当原水浊度过高（如大于 3000FTU ），则因为需要频繁排渣而影响澄清池的
出力和稳定性。
When the turbidity of raw water is less than 50FTU, the lower the turbidity is,
the more difficult it is to treat. When the turbidity of raw water is less than 20FTU,
in order to guarantee the coagulation effect, methods such as adding clay to turb
ify, sludge circulation and coagulant aid are usually adopted. When the turbidity
of raw water is high (such as greater than 3000FTU), it will affect the output and
stability of the clarifying pool due to the need for frequent dregs discharge.

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 4 ）混凝澄清处理的主要影响因素
main influencing factors of coagulation clarification
 4 、泥渣特性 Sludge characteristics
 1 ）泥渣活性 Sludge activity
主要是指泥渣的内聚力，即泥渣之间相互吸附的能力对于相同
的混凝剂和水质，混凝剂剂量的影响十分明显。剂量不足时，泥渣的活
性差。絮体外观松散、易破碎，不易吸附和长大，形成的泥渣层强度
差，出水残留的絮体多，影响出水水质。
It mainly refers to the cohesive force of mud slag, that is, the ability
of mud slag to adsorb each other has a significant impact on the same
coagulant and water quality, and the dosage of coagulant. When the do
sage is low, the activity of the sludge is poor. The flocs are loose in app
earance, easy to break, difficult to absorb and grow, with poor strength
of the mud and slag layer and more flocs left in the water, which affect t
he water quality.

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 4 ）混凝澄清处理的主要影响因素
main influencing factors of coagulation clarification
2 ）泥渣浓度 Sludge concentration
泥渣浓度是指在反应区和泥渣悬浮区单位体积水中泥渣的体积，一
般用沉降比表示。 Sludge concentration refers to the volume of sludge in w
ater per unit volume in the reaction zone and the sludge suspension zone,
which is generally represented by the sedimentation ratio.
在一定的范围内，泥渣浓度高，出水水质好。反应区的泥渣浓度越
大，混凝反应速度就越快；分离区的泥渣浓度越大，泥渣层的网捕过滤作用
就越强。 Within a certain range, the sludge concentration is high, and the e
ffluent quality is good. The higher the sludge concentration in the reaction a
rea, the faster the coagulation reaction. The higher the concentration of the
sludge in the separation zone, the stronger the role of the sludge bed in net
capture and filtration.

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 4 ）混凝澄清处理的主要影响因素
main influencing factors of coagulation clarification
 2 ）泥渣浓度
影响泥渣浓度的因素主要是澄清池的上升流速（出力）、混凝剂的剂
量和原水中胶体、悬浮物的含量。 The main factors affecting the sludge conc
entration are the rising velocity (output) of the clarifying tank, the dosage of c
oagulant and the content of colloids and suspended substances in raw water.
泥渣浓度过大对澄清器的运行也不利。主要表现在悬浮泥渣层膨胀太
快，排泥频繁，水耗大；同时，泥渣容易老化而失去活性。
Excessive sludge concentration is also detrimental to the operation of the cla
rifier. This is mainly reflected in the rapid expansion of the suspended sludge
layer, frequent mud discharge and high water consumption. At the same tim
e, the sludge is easy to aging and lose its activity.
 3 ）泥渣层高度 Sludge height
泥渣层高度越高，泥渣层的网捕过滤作用就越强，出水水质就越好。
The higher the height of the sludge bed, the stronger the filter function of the
sludge bed, and the better the water quality.

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 4 ）混凝澄清处理的主要影响因素
main influencing factors of coagulation clarification
 5 、排泥 Drain sludge
悬浮泥渣层太高，会因清水区变短将矾花带入出水区，增加出水的浊度；反之则起不到吸附水
中小矾花的作用，出水水质也要变差。
If the suspended sludge layer is too high, the alum flower will be brought into the water area as the cl
ear water area becomes shorter, and the turbidity of the water will be increased. On the contrary, it ca
n not adsorb the effect of alum flower in the water, and the effluent water quality should become wors
e.
科学的排泥方式有如下两种。 There are two scientific methods of mud discharge.
 1 ）根据泥渣高度自动排泥。
Automatically discharge the mud according to the height of the mud.
工作原理是在设备体内设置泥位计检测泥渣高度，以澄清池内的泥渣层高度为信号控制排泥。
The working principle is to set a mud position meter in the equipment to detect the height of the sludg
e, and to clarify the height of the sludge layer in the tank as a signal to control the discharge of mud.

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 4 ）混凝澄清处理的主要影响因素
main influencing factors of coagulation clarification
2 ）根据泥渣浓度自动排泥。 Automatically discharge the mud according to the mud concentration

工作原理是通过连续监测悬浮泥渣层的泥渣浓度来控制排泥。
The working principle is to control the sludge discharge by continuously monitoring the sludge concentration
of the suspended sludge layer.
研究结果表明，在有斜管时，对于大多数水质来讲，澄清器分离区泥渣浓度是逐渐增大的；当增大到一
定程度后，渣层才开始淹没斜管而上升。因此，当浓度到达一定值时开始排泥，就可以控制泥渣层高度。对于
很多澄清器，尤其是加装斜管后，运行时并没有清晰的泥渣层界面，甚至不存在泥渣层界面。在这种情况下，
渣位的测量已经不可能，因此，采用泥渣浓度控制排泥比泥位高度控制更为合理。
The results show that the sludge concentration in the separation zone of the clarifier increases gradually for most
water quality when there is inclined pipe. When increased to a certain extent, the slag layer began to submerge the
inclined pipe and rise. Therefore, when the concentration reaches a certain value and begins to discharge the mud,
the height of the mud layer can be controlled. For many setters, especially after the installation of inclined pipe, th
ere is no clear interface of mud and slag layer during operation, or even no such interface. In this case, it is impossi
ble to measure the slag position, so it is more reasonable to use the sludge concentration control to discharge the m
ud than to control the height of the mud position.

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 4 ）混凝澄清处理的主要影响因素
main influencing factors of coagulation clarification
6. 混凝剂的特性和剂量 Properties and dosage of coagulants.
首先要筛选适应所处理水质的混凝剂，其次要有合理的加药量。
First of all, the coagulant adapted to the treated water quality should be screened and the dosage
should be reasonable.
当加药量不足时，尚未起到使胶体脱稳、凝聚的作用，出水浊度较高；
When the dosage is insufficient, it has not yet played the role of stabilizing and condensing the co
lloid, and the effluent turbidity is higher.
当加药量过大，会生成大量难溶的氢氧化物絮状沉淀，通过吸附、网捕等作用，会使出水浊度
大大降低，但经济性不好。
When the dosage is too large, a large number of insoluble hydroxide flocculation will be generat
ed. Through adsorption, network capture and other effects, the water turbidity will be greatly reduced,
but the economy is not good.
对于不同的原水水质，需通过烧杯试验确定最佳混凝剂剂量。
For different raw water quality, the best coagulant dosage should be determined by beaker test.

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 4.2 、过滤处理
水的过滤是一种去除水中悬浮颗粒状杂质的过程，过滤不仅可
以降低水的浊度，而且还可以除去水中的部分有机物、细菌甚至病
毒。
粒状过滤
深层过滤
纤维过滤
过滤
超滤
表面过滤
微滤

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 4.2 、 Filtering processing
Water filtration is a process of removing suspended particulate i
mpurities in water. Filtration not only reduces water turbidity, but also
removes some organics, bacteria and even viruses from the water.
Granular filter
deep filter
Fiber filter
filter
ultrafiltration
surface filter

microfiltration

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 1 ）常用的粒状滤料
Common granular filter material

 （ 1 ）石英砂 Quartz sand 。

 （ 2 ）无烟煤 Anthracite coal
 （ 3 ）锰砂 Manganese sand 。
 （ 4 ）砾石（卵石） pebbles
 （ 5 ）磁砂 Magnetic sand 。

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 2 ）粒状滤料过滤器的运行控制
Operation control of granular filter material
 1 ）过滤速度。过滤速度与来水水质和滤后水的要求有关；在水处理系统中，一般
单层滤料的过滤速度为 8 ~10m/h ，双层滤料为 10 ~14 m/h ，三层滤料为 18 ~20
m/h 。用于接触凝聚过滤时，过滤速度应适当降低。
Filtration rate. The filtration rate is related to the quality of incoming water and the req
uirement of filtered water. In the water treatment system, the filtration rate of single-la
yer filter material is generally 8 ~10m/h, that of double-layer filter material is 10 ~ 14
m /h, and that of three-layer filter material is 18 ~ 20m /h. For contact agglomeration f
iltration, the filtration speed should be reduced.
 2 ）过滤周期。一般按照滤层的水头损失来控制。在水质稳定的情况下，也可以用
周期制水量来控制。过滤终点的水头损失控制范围一般为：单双层压力式过滤器控
制在 50~60kPa ，三层滤料控制在 10 kPa 以内，而重力式滤池一般为 1.6 kPa 。
Filtration cycle 。 It is generally controlled according to the loss of the filter head. In t
he case of stable water quality, periodic water production can also be used to control.
The water head loss control range of the filter end point is generally: the single-doubl
e layer pressure filter is controlled within 50~60kPa, the three-layer filter is controlled
within 10 kPa, and the gravity filter is generally 1.6 kPa.

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 2 ）粒状滤料过滤器的运行控制
Operation control of granular filter material
 3 ）反冲洗强度。单层滤料采用 12~15L/(s·m2) ，双层滤料采用 15 ~ 18L/(s·m
2 ) ，三层滤料采用 18 ~20 L/(s·m2) 。反洗强度的大小与滤料的粒径是密切相关
的，一般的以滤层膨胀率达到 30%~50% 、无粒状滤料流失为准来控制反洗强
度。
Backwash strength. 12~15L/(s·m2) single-layer filter material is used, 15 ~ 18L/(s·
m2) double-layer filter material is used, and 18 ~ 20l /(s·m2) three-layer filter mate
rial is used. The size of backwash intensity is closely related to the particle size of
filter material. Generally, the backwash intensity is controlled by the expansion rat
e of filter layer reaching 30%-50% and the loss of non-granular filter material.
 4 ）反冲洗时间。反冲洗时间一般为 5~10min 。但需要根据反洗排水的情况调
整反洗时间。
Backflush time. Backflush time is generally 5~10min. But need to adjust the back
wash time according to the situation of backwash and drain.

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 3 ）影响过滤器截污容量的因素
Factors influencing the capacity of the filter
 1 ．滤层的粒度分布 Particle size distribution of filters
 2 ．滤层厚度 Filter layer thickness
滤层厚度要大于有效截污厚度。有效截污厚度是指滤层中能够发挥截污
作用的部分，其占滤层厚度的比例与滤料的粒径大小有关。粒径越大，需要的滤
层厚度越大；反之要求的滤层厚度越小。
The thickness of the filter layer is greater than the effective thickness. Effect
ive decontamination thickness refers to the part of the filter layer that can play a r
ole in decontamination. The proportion of the thickness of the filter layer is relate
d to the particle size of the filter material. The larger the particle size, the larger t
he required filter thickness; Conversely, the smaller the filter thickness required.

05/18/2020 29
 3 ）影响过滤器截污容量的因素
Factors influencing the capacity of the filter
3 ．反洗效果
washing effect
4 ．进水水质
water quality
5 ．运行流速 Operating velocity
运行流速越高，滤层压差增长越快，截污容量越小
The higher the running velocity, the faster the pressure difference
of filter layer grows, and the smaller the pollution intercept capacity

05/18/2020 30
 4 ）过滤设备

压力式过滤器 机械过滤器

粒状滤料过滤器 无阀滤池

重力式过滤器 重力式滤池

过滤器 V 型滤池
纤维过滤器

非粒状滤料过滤器 叠片式过滤器

膜过滤器

05/18/2020 31
 4 ） Filtering equipment

Pressure filter Mechanical filter

Granular filter
Valveless filter
material filter
Gravity filter Gravity filter

filter V-type filter

Fibre filter
Non-granular
filter material Laminated film filter
filter Membrane filter

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 1 ） dual media filter
 多介质过滤器是利用一种或几种过滤介质，在一定的压力下把浊度较高的水
通过一定厚度的粒状或非粒材料，从而有效的除去悬浮杂质使水澄清的过
程，常用的滤料有石英砂，无烟煤，锰砂等，主要用于水处理除浊，软化
水，纯水的前级预处理等，出水浊度可达 3 度以下。
 More medium filter is to use one or several of filter medium, under certain p
ressure of high turbidity water by a certain thickness of granular or the grai
n materials, effectively to remove suspended impurities make water clear p
rocess, commonly used with quartz sand, anthracite coal, manganese ore,
etc., mainly used for water treatment in addition to the turbidity, soften wate
r, pure water level before the pretreatment, such as water turbidity can be u
p to 3 degrees.

05/18/2020 33
 1 ） dual media filter
过滤的作用，主要是去除水中的悬浮或胶态杂质，特别是能有效地去除沉淀技
术不能去除的微小粒子和细菌等， BOD 和 COD 等也有某种程度的去除效果
The main function of filtration is to remove suspended or colloidal impurities in
water, especially the small particles and bacteria that cannot be removed by the
precipitation technology effectively. BOD and COD also have a certain degree o
f removal effect.
常见的多介质过滤器有： 1 ）无烟煤 - 石英砂 - 磁铁矿过滤器； 2 ）活性炭 -
石英砂 - 磁铁矿过滤器； 3 ）活性炭 - 石英砂过滤器； 4 ）无烟煤 - 石英砂过滤
器； 5 ）石英砂 - 陶瓷过滤器
Common multi-medium filters are: 1) anthracite - quartz sand - magnetite filters;
2) activated carbon-quartz sand magnetite filter; 3) activated carbon-quartz san
d filter; 4) anthracite - quartz sand filter; 5) quartz sand - ceramic filter, etc

05/18/2020 34
 2 ） active carbon filter
 除去水中余氯和有机物的主要方法是采用活性炭吸附处理工艺。
The main method to remove residual chlorine and organics in water is activat
ed carbon adsorption process.
活性炭是由多种含碳原料经脱水、炭化、活化、筛分加工制成。制造活性炭的
原料包括木材、褐煤、泥煤、硬果壳、甘蔗渣、锯末、动物骨头及石油残渣。
Activated carbon is made from various carbon raw materials by dehydration,
carbonization, activation and sieving. Active carbon is manufactured from wood,
lignite, peat, husk, bagasse, sawdust, animal bones and petroleum residue.
 因活性炭对水中有机物的吸附量与很多因素有关，并处于亚平衡态，因此通常
它不能百分之百地将有机物除尽，去除率在 20% ～ 80% 之间，差别很大。
Because the adsorption amount of activated carbon to organic matter in wat
er is related to many factors and is in a sub-equilibrium state, it usually cannot c
ompletely remove organic matter, and the removal rate is between 20% and 80
%, which makes a big difference.

05/18/2020 35
 2 ） active carbon filter
通常，芳香族有机物比脂肪族有机物易被活性炭吸附；越是能降低溶液表面张力
的有机物越容易被活性炭吸附。一般水中有机物的分子量增加，吸附量也增加。
在水中溶解度愈小的有机物愈易被活性炭吸附。
In general, aromatic organics are more easily adsorbed by activated carbon
than aliphatic organics. The more organic matter that can reduce the surface ten
sion of the solution, the easier it is to adsorb activated carbon. In general, the mo
lecular weight of organic matter in water increases, so does the adsorption. Orga
nics with less solubility in water are more easily absorbed by activated carbon
活性炭过滤器仅进行水反洗，不应采用空气擦洗。因为活性炭过滤器适用于除去
有机物和余氯，截留悬浮物较少，采用空气擦洗会使活性炭破碎，影响使用效
果。
Activated carbon filters should only be backwashed by water and should not
be scrubbed by air. Because the activated carbon filter is suitable for removing o
rganics and residual chlorine, there is less suspended substance. Air scrubbing
will break the activated carbon and affect the use effect.

05/18/2020 36
 3 ） self-cleaning filter
自清洗过滤器是一种利用滤网直接拦截水中的杂质，去除水体悬浮物、颗粒物，降低浊
度，净化水质，减少系统污垢、菌藻、锈蚀等产生，以净化水质及保护系统其他设备正常
工作的精密设备。
Self-cleaning filter is a kind of precision equipment that directly intercepts the impurities in
the water, removes suspended matter and particulate matter, reduces turbidity, purifies w
ater quality, and reduces the generation of system dirt, bacteria and algae, rust, etc., so a
s to purify water quality and protect other equipment in the system.
进水口→粗滤芯→细滤网→出水口
Inlet - coarse filter - fine mesh - outlet
在过滤过程中，细滤网的内层杂质逐渐堆积，它的内外两侧就形成了一个压差。当这个
压差达到预设值时，将开始自动清洗过程。
During the filtration process, the impurities in the inner layer of the fine strainer gradually
accumulate, forming a pressure difference on the inner and outer sides of the strainer. W
hen this pressure difference reaches a preset value, the automatic cleaning process begi
ns.

05/18/2020 37
 3 ） self-cleaning filter
 自清洗过滤器，运行及控制不需外接任何能源就可以自动清洗过滤，自动
排污。反冲洗期间不断流，清洗过滤周期可以调节，自清洗过滤时间默认
为 10-60/s ，清洗过滤损失水量只占过滤水量的 0.08 － 0.6% ；过滤精度可
达 10-3000μm ；
Self-cleaning filter, operation and control can be automatically cleaned an
d filtered without any external energy. During backwashing, there is no stop-fl
ow, and the cleaning and filtration cycle can be adjusted. The self-cleaning a
nd filtration time default is 10-60/s, and the water loss of cleaning and filtratio
n only takes 0.08-0.6% of the filtered water. Filtration accuracy up to 10-3000
μm;

05/18/2020 38
 4 ） UItra-filtration
 超滤是膜分离技术中的一部分，它是介于微滤和纳滤之间的一种膜处
理。孔径一般在 0.001µm~0.1µm 。
Ultrafiltration (uf) is a part of membrane separation technology, which
is a kind of membrane treatment between microfiltration and nanofiltratio
n. The aperture is generally 0.001µm~0.1µm.
 超滤在火电厂的典型应用是以压力差为驱动力，分离除去水中的悬浮
物、大分子和胶体物质、细菌和微生物等杂质，对 BOD 和 COD 有一
定的去除率。
 The typical application of ultrafiltration in thermal power plant is to sep
arate and remove impurities such as suspended substance, macromo
lecular and colloidal substance, bacteria and microorganism in water
with pressure difference as driving force.

05/18/2020 39
 4 ） UItra-filtration
因为超滤的截污原理是表面过滤，所以其分离性能主要取决于膜表面皮层的孔径分布。
受目前膜制造技术的限制，皮层的微孔孔径并不是单一的，而是存在一定的孔径分布，从
0.05 ～ 0.1μm 。从理论上讲，膜的孔径分布范围越窄，可以“卡”入微孔的杂质越少，膜
越不容易被污堵。如果膜分离皮层存在过大的微孔，虽然透水能力较强，但是膜孔容易被
堵塞（堵塞物在反洗时不易去除），膜通量衰减很快，最终结果是产水水质和水量都下
降。因此，超滤膜孔径分布范围的宽窄和有无过大孔的存在，是影响膜性能的关键因素。
Because the decontamination principle of ultrafiltration is surface filtration, its separation
performance mainly depends on the pore size distribution of the membrane surface corte
x. Limited by the current membrane manufacturing technology, the micropore diameter of
the cortex is not single, but has a certain pore size distribution, ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 p
ore m. Theoretically, the narrower the pore size distribution range is, the less impurity can
be "stuck" into the micro hole, and the less likely the membrane is to be fouled. If there ar
e too large micro-holes in the membrane separation cortex, although the permeability is s
trong, the membrane holes are easy to be blocked (the plug is not easy to be removed in
the backwash), and the membrane flux fades quickly, and the final result is that the water
quality and water quantity are reduced. Therefore, the size distribution of ultrafiltration me
mbrane and the presence of oversize pores are the key factors influencing the membrane
performance.

05/18/2020 40
 4 ） UItra-filtration
 死端过滤（ dead end filtration ）
进水全部透过滤膜形成产品水没有浓水排出滤元的过滤方式。理论回收率为 100
% 。死端过滤具有水回收率高、能量消耗小的优点。但是膜容易被污染，因为滤
除的所有杂质都将截留在膜的表面并逐渐压实，所以运行压差上升很快，一般适
用于较少污堵物水的处理。
The water is completely filtered through the filter membrane to form the filter me
thod of product water without concentrated water discharging filter element. Th
e theoretical recovery is 100%. Deadend filtration has the advantage of high wa
ter recovery and low energy consumption. However, the membrane is easy to b
e contaminated, because all the impurities removed will be trapped on the surfa
ce of the membrane and gradually compacted, so the operating pressure differ
ence rises rapidly, generally applicable to the treatment of water with less foulin
g.

05/18/2020 41
 4 ） UItra-filtration
 错流过滤（ cross filtration ）
即进水中只有一部分水透过超滤膜成为产品水，另一部分水没有透过膜，由进水侧流
动到组件的另一端排出，排出的水称为“浓水”。根据浓水循环还是排放又分为错流
排放过滤和错流回流过滤两种运行方式；如果将浓水直接排放，就是错流排放过滤；
如果将浓水用循环泵打回到组件进口进行循环，就是错流回流过滤
That is, only part of the water in the inlet passes through the ultrafiltration membran
e to become product water, while the other part does not pass through the membran
e and flows from the inlet side to the other end of the component to discharge. The
discharged water is called "concentrated water". According to the concentrated wate
r circulation or discharge, it can be divided into two operating modes: cross flow disc
harge filtration and cross flow reflux filtration. If the concentrated water is discharge
d directly, it is discharged by wrong flow and filtered. If the concentrated water is pu
mped back to the component inlet for recycling, it is cross-flow backflow filtration.

05/18/2020 42
 4 ） UItra-filtration
半死端系统 Half dead end system
被过滤的水平行流过中空纤维膜内腔，溶剂等小分子物质垂直透过膜后
被收集在中心渗透管内，被截留的物质沉积在膜面。由于被截留物质在膜面的积
累，膜通量降低。一段时间后，反洗泵通过中心渗透管对膜进行反洗。反洗结束
后，关闭反洗阀，被过滤的水又经过水泵进入膜组件，如此循环反复。采用这种
操作方式可以在较高的回收率下维持较高的膜通量。
The filtered material flows through the inner cavity of the hollow fiber membrane
horizontally. Small molecules such as the solvent pass through the membrane v
ertically and are collected in the central osmotic pipe. The trapped material is d
eposited on the membrane surface. As the trapped material accumulates on the
membrane surface, the membrane flux decreases. After a period of time, the re
verse wash pump carries on the reverse wash through the center osmosis tube.
After the backwash, close the backwash valve, and the filtered water enters the
membrane assembly through the pump, so the cycle is repeated. In this way, hi
gher membrane flux can be maintained at higher recovery.

05/18/2020 43
 超滤原理 Ultrafiltration theory

05/18/2020 44
 超滤原理 Ultrafiltration theory

05/18/2020 45
 中空纤维超滤组件运行示意图

内压式

外压式

05/18/2020 46
Operation diagram of hollow fiber ultrafiltration module

Internal pressure type

External pressure type

05/18/2020 47
 超滤主要设计参数
Main design parameters of ultrafiltration
1. 透膜压差 transmembrane pressure
超滤装置在运行中，超滤膜进水侧与产水侧的压力差称为透膜压差（ TM
P ），透膜压差是衡量超滤膜性能的一个重要指标，它能够反映膜表面的污堵程
度。
In the operation of the ultrafiltration device, the pressure difference between the
inflow side and the water-producing side of the ultrafiltration membrane is called
transmembrane pressure difference (TMP).TMP is an important index to measu
re the performance of ultrafiltration membrane.
2. 膜通量 Water flux
膜通量是指在一定的水温和透膜压差运行时，单位时间内单位膜面积的
产水量，它是衡量膜透水能力的参数。
Water flux refers to the amount of water produced per unit membrane area per
unit time when a certain water temperature and permeable membrane pressure
are running.

05/18/2020 48
 超滤主要设计参数
Main design parameters of ultrafiltration
3. 平均回收率 Average recovery rete
平均回收率指超滤装置的净产水量占进水量的百分比。净产水
量的含义是实际产水量减去自用水量（主要是反洗耗水）后的值。
Average recovery rate refers to the percentage of the net water yield in
the ultrafiltration unit. The net water yield means the actual water yield
minus the self-used water (mainly the backwash water consumption).
4. 制水周期 water production cycle
大部分超滤装置的制水周期为 20~60min 。
The water production cycle of most ultrafiltration devices is 20~60min.

05/18/2020 49
 超 / 微滤系统的进水要求
Water intake requirements for ultra/micro filtration systems

项目 进水水质
水温（℃） 10~40
pH 值（ 25℃ ） 2~11
压力式 <5
浊度（ NTU ）
浸没式 以制造商的设计导则为准
item incoming water quality
water temperature
10~40
（℃）
pH （ 25℃ ） 2~11
Pressure type <5
turbidity （ NTU ） manufacturer's design
immersion type guidelines
05/18/2020 50
 超滤易发生的问题
Problems that tend to occur with ultrafiltration
 1. 不可逆污堵 Irreversible fouling
 2. 断丝 Broken silk
断丝的原因一般是由于膜丝长期振动疲劳引起的。对断丝的
处理方法一般是找出断的膜丝进行封堵。当断裂或已被封堵的膜丝数
量太多时，如大于 30% ，则需要更换整只元件。
The reason of broken silk is usually caused by long-term vibration fat
igue of the membrane silk. The treatment method of broken silk is us
ually to find out the broken membrane silk for plugging. When the nu
mber of broken or blocked filaments is too large, if it is more than 30
%, the whole element needs to be replaced.

05/18/2020 51
 超滤易发生的问题
Problems that tend to occur with ultrafiltration
 3. 机械损坏 Mechanical damage
运行或设计不当引起膜的物理损坏，如水锤及超限高压运行导致膜的压密；
进水和浓水之间压差过大造成的膜卷窜动；产水背压造成的膜破裂等情况。
Improper operation or design causes physical damage to the membrane, such as
water hammer and over-limit high pressure operation, resulting in the membrane's
compaction; Film entrainment caused by too large pressure difference between inle
t water and concentrated water; Rupture of membrane caused by hydrogenic back
pressure.
 4. 化学损坏 Chemical damage
如料液中含有的氧化性物质没有得到有效处理导致膜被氧化；超限酸碱清洗
导致膜材料降解等。 If the oxidizing substances contained in the feed liquid are not
treated effectively, the film will be oxidized; Excessive acid - alkali cleaning leads to
degradation of membrane materials.
05/18/2020 52
 5 ）保安过滤器
cartridge filtration
 为保证反渗透本体的安全运行，即使有良好的预处理系统，仍需要设置精密过
滤设备，起安全保障作用，故称之为保安过滤器（又称精密过滤器）
In order to ensure the safe operation of the reverse osmosis ontology, even if th
ere is a good pretreatment system, it still needs to set up the precision filtering e
quipment, which plays a role of security guarantee. Therefore, it is called securit
y filter (also known as precision filter).
 在反渗透系统中，保安过滤器不应作为一般运行过滤器使用，仅应作保安过滤
使用，通常设在高压泵之前。
 In a reverse osmosis system, a security filter should not be used as a genera
l operating filter, but only as a security filter, usually before the high-pressure
pump.

05/18/2020 53
 5 ）保安过滤器
cartridge filtration
反渗透水处理系统的保安过滤器滤元过滤精度一般为 5µm 。这种滤元的优点是
过滤精度高，制造方便，价格便宜，使用安全，杂质不易穿透，但反洗和化学清
洗效果不明显，只能一次性使用，当运行压差达到 0.2MPa 左右时需要更换滤
元。
The filter element filtration accuracy of the reverse osmosis water treatment sys
tem is generally 5 m. The advantages of this filter element are high filtration acc
uracy, convenient manufacturing, cheap price, safe use, and difficult penetratio
n of impurities, but the effect of backwashing and chemical cleaning is not obvio
us and can only be used once. When the operating pressure difference reaches
about 0.2mpa, the filter element needs to be replaced.
设置保安过滤的目的主要是为了截留来自水箱的细小颗粒，保护高压泵和反渗
透膜，故保安过滤器无需采用反洗型滤芯。
The purpose of the security filter is to intercept the fine particles from the water
tank and protect the high-pressure pump and reverse osmosis film. Therefore, t
he security filter does not need to use the backwash filter core.

05/18/2020 54
 5 ）保安过滤器
保安过滤器大都采用不锈钢做外壳，内部装过滤滤芯（例如 PP 棉），主要
用在多介质预处理过滤之后，反渗透、超滤等膜过滤设备之前。用来滤除经多
介质过滤后的细小物质（例如微小的石英沙，活性炭颗粒等），以确保水质过
滤精度及保护膜过滤元件不受大颗粒物质的损坏。 Most security filters are m
ade of stainless steel as the shell, and the inner filter core (such as PP cotto
n) is mainly used after multi-media pretreatment and filtration, and before me
mbrane filtration equipment such as reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration. It is u
sed to filter out fine materials (such as tiny quartz sand, activated carbon part
icles, etc.) after multi-media filtration to ensure the water quality filtration acc
uracy and protect the membrane filter elements from damage of large particu
late matter.
采用 PP 棉、尼龙、熔喷等不同材质作滤芯，去除水中的微小悬浮物，细菌
及其它杂质等，使原水水质达到反渗透膜的进水要求。
PP cotton, nylon, melt spray and other different materials are used as the filt
er core to remove the micro suspended substance, bacteria and other impuri
ties in the water, so that the quality of raw water can meet the requirements o
f reverse osmosis membrane.
05/18/2020 55
 4.4 、除盐 desalination

 1 ）反渗透 Reverse osmosis

 2 ）离子交换器（阳床、阴床、混床）
Ion exchanger (cation bed, anion bed, mixed b
ed)
 3 ） EDI
 4 ）脱碳器 Decarburization device
 5 ）常见的除盐水制备工艺
Common desalination process

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 4.4.1 反渗透 Reverse osmosis
 1 ）反渗透膜 RO membrane
 2 ）反渗透装置的主要指标 Main index of RO device
 3 ）反渗透膜的进水要求
RO requirement for incoming water
 4 ） SDI 测量原理 Measuring principle
 5 ）反渗透装置性能要求
Performance requirements of RO device
 6 ）反渗透膜的影响因素
Factors influencing RO membrane
 7 ）常见污染物种类 Types of common pollutants
 8 ）防止反渗透膜结垢的措施
Measures to prevent fouling of RO membranes
 9 ）反渗透膜的清洗 cleaning of RO membrane
 10 ）反渗透装置主要故障与解决措施
Main failure and solution of RO device

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 4.4.1 、反渗透 reverse osmosis
反渗透又称逆渗透，一种以压力差为推动力，从溶液中分离出溶剂的膜
分离操作。因为它和自然渗透的方向相反，故称反渗透。
Reverse osmosis is a membrane separation operation in which solvent
is separated from solution by pressure difference. It is called reverse os
mosis because it is opposite to natural osmosis.
① 半透膜有选择地让水透过而不允许盐透过；
A semi-permeable membrane selectively allows water to pass through
without salt
② 盐水室的外加压力大于盐水室与淡水室的渗透压力，提供了水从盐水
室向淡水室移动的推动力。
The external pressure of the brine chamber is greater than the osmotic
pressure of the brine chamber and the fresh water chamber, providing t
he impetus for the movement of water from the salt water chamber to t
he fresh water chamber 。

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 4.4.1 、 reverse osmosis
concentration Osmotic concentration Osmotic
compound (mg/L) pressure compound (mg/L) pressure
(kPa) (kPa)
NaCl 35000 2742.2 CaCl2 1000 57.19
NaCl 1000 78.55 蔗糖 sucrose 1000 7.23
1000 88.2 葡萄糖 1000 13.78
NaHCO3
glucose
Na2SO4
1000 41.34 海水 32000 2400
seawater
MgSO4 1000 24.80 苦咸水 2 ～ 5000 105 ～ 280
1000 66.83 Brackish
MgCl2
water

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 1 ）反渗透膜 RO membrane
 反渗透膜是一种模拟生物半透膜制成的具有一定特性的人工半透膜，是反渗透技术的核心构件。
Reverse osmosis membrane is a kind of artificial semi-permeable membrane with certain characteris
tics made by simulating biological semi-permeable membrane and is the core component of reverse
osmosis technology.
 反渗透膜一般用高分子材料制成。如醋酸纤维素膜、芳香族聚酰肼膜、芳香族聚酰胺膜。表面微孔
的直径一般在 0.5 ～ 10nm 之间，透过性的大小与膜本身的化学结构有关。
Reverse osmosis membranes are generally made of high polymer materials. Such as cellulose acet
ate film, aromatic polyacylhydrazine film, aromatic polyamide film. The diameter of the surface micro
pores is generally between 0.5 and 10nm, and the permeability is related to the chemical structure of
the membrane itself.
 反渗透组件有中空纤维式、卷式、板框式和管式。
The reverse osmosis module has hollow fiber type, coil type, plate frame type and tube type.
 反渗透通常使用非对称膜和复合膜。
Reverse osmosis usually USES asymmetric and composite membranes.

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 2 ）反渗透装置的主要指标
Main index of reverse osmosis device
 RO 膜的脱盐率 = （ 1–RO 膜的产水含盐量 / 进水含盐量） ×100%
The desalination rate of RO membrane = (1 - the salinity of water produced/the salinity of w
ater inflow) x 100%
 RO 膜的产水量——指反渗透系统的产水能力，即单位时间内透过 RO 膜的水量，通常用 t
/h 来表示。
Produce water flow of RO membrane -- refers to the capacity of the reverse osmosis syste
m to produce water, that is, the amount of water passing through RO membrane per unit of t
ime, usually represented by t/h.
 RO 膜的回收率——指反渗透膜系统中给水转化成为产水或透过液的百分比。依据反渗透
系统中预处理的进水水质及用水要求而定的。 RO 膜系统的回收率在设计时就已经确定。
RO recovery rate -- the percentage of water supplied in a reverse osmotic membrane syste
m that is converted into water or permeable. Depending on the pretreatment quality of inlet
water and water requirements in the reverse osmosis system. The recovery rate of RO mem
brane system was determined at design time.
回收率 = 产水流量 / 进水流量 ×100%
Recycling rate = water rate/water rate x 100%

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 3 ）反渗透膜的进水要求
Reverse osmosis requirement for water intake
项目 item 指标 indicators
pH(25℃) 运行 operation ： 4~11 ；清洗 clean ：
2~11 ；
浊度 turbidity （ NTU ） <1.0
淤泥密度指数 Silt density index SDI15 <5
余氯 Residual chlorine （ mg/L ） <0.1 ，控制为 control for 0.0
铁 Fe （ mg/L ） <0.05 （溶氧 Dissolved
oxygen>5mg/L ）
锰 Mn （ mg/L ） <0.3
铝 Al （ mg/L ） <0.1
水温 water temperature （℃） 5~45 （最佳 best20~25 ）

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 4 ） SDI 测量原理
测定器材 测定步骤：
1 、 SDI 测 定 1 ）用镊子将滤膜装入压膜器内
仪 2 、微孔滤 ；
膜 2 ）调整调节阀、稳压阀，在压
3 、 500mL 量 力 为 0.21MPa 的 条 件 下 ， 记 录
筒 4 、秒表和 开始时过滤 500mL 水样所需的
镊子 时间 t0 ， min ；
3 ）在水压 0.21MPa 的条件下，
连续过滤 15min 后，继续测量过
滤 500mL 水 样 所 需 的 时 间 t1
（ min ）；
4 ）根据测定的 t0 、 t1 进行如下
计算

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 5 ）反渗透装置性能要求
Performance requirements of RO device
项目 脱盐率 回收率
第一级反渗透装置 96%~97% （ 25℃ ，运行 3 年 60%~80%
内）
第二级反渗透装置 90%~95% （ 25℃ ） 85%~90%

item Desalination rate recovery

rate
Primary RO 96%~97% （ 25℃ ， Within 3 years 60%~80%
）
Secondary RO 90%~95% （ 25℃ ） 85%~90%

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 6 ）反渗透膜的影响因素
Factors influencing reverse osmosis membrane

 1 、进水压力 inlet pressure

 2 、进水温度 inlet water temperature
 3 、进水盐浓度 Inlet water salt concentration
 4 、进水 pH 值 inlet water pH
 5 、回收率 recovery rate

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 7 ）常见污染物种类
Types of common pollutants
 碳酸钙垢 CaCO3
 硫酸钙 CaSO4 、 硫酸钡 BaSO4 、硫酸锶垢 SrSO4
 铁、锰、铝等的金属氧化物
Metal oxides of Fe, Mn, Al, etc
 二氧化硅 SiO2
 胶体沉积物（无机或无机 / 有机混合物）
Colloid deposits (inorganic or inorganic/organic mixtures)
 自然或合成有机物 Natural or synthetic organics
 生物质（生物污泥、霉菌或真菌）
Biomass (biological sludge, mold, or fungi)

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 8 ）防止反渗透膜结垢的措施
Measures to prevent fouling of reverse osmosis membranes
1 、加药 dosing
1 ）加酸调整 pH=5 ～ 10
Adjust pH value by adding acid =5 ~ 10
2 ）加阻垢剂 Adding scale inhibitors
通常有三类阻垢剂：六偏磷酸钠（ SHMP ）有机磷酸
盐、多聚丙烯酸盐。 sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) 、 or
ganophosphate and polyacrylate.
加药量 Dosage ： 3 ～ 5mg/L
2 、软化 softening
1 ）石灰软化 Lime softening
2 ）钠离子软化器软化 Sodium ion softener softened
3 ）弱酸阳树脂软化 Softening of weak acid resin

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 9 ）反渗透膜的清洗
cleaning of reverse osmosis membrane
 反渗透膜元件内的膜片在长期的运行过程中，会受到无机盐垢、微生物、胶体颗粒和不
溶性有机物的污染，这些污染物沉积在膜表面会导致反渗透装置产水量和脱盐率下降。
因此，膜受到污染后，需要对反渗透装置进行化学清洗。
The membrane in the reverse osmosis membrane element will be polluted by inorganic s
cale, microorganism, colloidal particles and insoluble organic matter in the long-term oper
ation process. The deposition of these pollutants on the membrane surface will lead to th
e decrease of water yield and desalination rate of the reverse osmosis device. Therefore,
chemical cleaning of the reverse osmosis device is necessary after the membrane is poll
uted.
 清洗条件 Clean condition
1 ）标准化后产水量下降 10~15%After standardization, the yield decreased by 10~15%
2 ）标准化后产水水质下降 10~15%
After standardization, the quality of produced water decreased by 10~15%
3 ）给水与浓水间的压差增加 10~15%The pressure difference between feed water and
concentrated water increases by 10-15%
4 ）一般习惯上可接受的清洗频率是 3~12 个月 1 次。
The commonly accepted frequency of cleaning is 3 to 12 months.

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 化学清洗装置系统流程
Chemical cleaning equipment system process
Industrial
water and
cleaning
backflow
Precision
filter Cleaning
tank

heater

Cleaning pump

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 典型清洗系统流程
Typical cleaning system process

05/18/2020 70
 清洗系统容积的计算
Calculation of cleaning system volume
清洗水箱容积 V=A+B ，其中
Clean the tank volume V=A+B, where
A= 所有膜元件所必需的清洗液的体积；
A= volume of cleaning fluid required for all
membrane elements
每支 8 英寸原件 40~60L, 每支 4 英寸原件 10~15L,
具体根据污染程度决定。
40~60L 8-inch originals and 10~15L 4-inch
originals, depending on pollution level.
B= 其他设备的容积，如清洗管路、保安过滤器等。
B= volume of other equipment, such as cleaning
pipes, security filters, etc.

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 清洗药剂的选择
膜元件污染物 清洗药剂配方
碳酸钙
pH=3.0 ， 2% 柠檬酸溶液 + 氨水，温度 40℃
磷酸钙
有时也可用 pH=2 ～ 3 的盐酸水溶液清洗
金属氧化物 ( 铁 )
硫酸钙
混合胶体 pH=10.0 ， 2% 三聚磷酸钠溶液，温度 40℃
小分子天然有机物 有时也可用 pH<10 的 NaOH 水溶液清洗
微生物

大分子天然有机物 pH=10.0 ， 2% 三聚磷酸钠溶液， 0.25% 十二烷基

微生物 苯磺酸钠溶液，温度 40℃

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 清洗药剂的选择
Selection of cleaning agents
pollutant Cleaning agent formula

CaCO3 pH=3.0 ， 2%Citric acid+ammonia ， temperature40℃

Ca3(PO4)2 Sometimes, hydrochloric acid solution with a pH = 2 ~ 3 can
Metal oxide (iron) also be used for cleaning
CaSO4
Mixed colloid pH=10.0 ， 2%Sodium tripolyphosphate ， temperature40℃
Small molecules of Sometimes NaOH aqueous solution with pH < 10 can also be
natural organic matter used for cleaning
microbial
Macromolecular natural
pH=10.0 ， 2%Sodium tripolyphosphate ， 0.25%Sodium
organic matter
microbial dodecyl benzene sulfonate ， temperature40℃

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 10 ）反渗透装置主要故障与解决措施
故障现象
淡水 直接原因 间接原因 解决措施
脱盐率 压差
流量
预处理氧化剂氧 更换膜元件并调整预处理氧化剂加
膜元件损坏
化 药系统
背压损坏或进水 更换膜元件，并查找背压产生的原
膜片渗漏
颗粒划破膜片 因或检查保安过滤器的过滤效果
↑ ↓↓ →
膜元件连接接 安装不正确或老
冲洗安装膜元件或更换密封圈
头密封不严 化损坏
高温水长时间 加热器控制系统
更换膜元件并检修加热设备
通过膜元件 故障
↑ 末段组 预防结垢措施不
↓↓ ↓ 结垢 清洗并改进阻垢措施
件 当
↑ 一段组
↓↓ ↓ 胶体污染 预处理系统不当 清洗并改进预处理措施
件
↓ → ↑↑ 生物污染 预处理系统不当 清洗、消毒并改进预处理措施

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 10 ）反渗透装置主要故障与解决措施
Main failure and solution of reverse osmosis device
fault phenomenon
Fresh
Desalination Differential immediate cause indirect cause measures
water
rate pressure
flow
Damage of Replace the membrane element
pretreatment oxidant
membrane and adjust the pretreatment
oxidizes
element oxidant dosing system
Back pressure is Replace the membrane element
Diaphragm damaged or water and find the cause of back
leakage particles break the pressure or check the filter
diaphragm effect of the security filter
Loose sealing of Improper Flush install the membrane
↑ ↓↓ →
membrane installation or aging element or replace the sealing
connection joint damage ring
High temperature
water passes
Replace the membrane element
through the Heater control
and repair the heating
membrane system failure
equipment
element for a long
time

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 10 ）反渗透装置主要故障与解决措施
Main failure and solution of reverse osmosis device
fault phenomenon
Fresh Desalin immediate
Differential indirect cause measures
water ation cause
pressure
flow rate
Improper measures
↑End of the
↓↓ ↓ scaling to prevent scale Clean and improve scale resistance
component
formation
Improper
↑first stage Colloid
↓↓ ↓ preprocessing Clean and improve pretreatment
component pollution
system
Improper
Biological Clean, disinfect and improve
↓ → ↑↑ preprocessing
pollution pretreatment
system

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 4.4.2 、电除盐 EDI
 EDI ：利用电能，通过电渗析和离子交换相结合的方法除去水中离子的除盐技术。
 EDI ： Water treatment and desalination technology for removing ions in water by usi
ng electric energy and combining electrodialysis and ion exchange.
 是一种不耗酸、碱而制取纯水的新技术，又称“填充床电渗析”。它是将传统的电渗析
技术和离子交换技术有机地结合起来，既克服了电渗析不能深度除盐的缺点，又弥补了
离子交换不能连续制水、需要用酸碱再生等不足。 EDI 适用于处理反渗透出水等低含
盐量水，其产水水质满足锅炉用水对电导率、硬度和硅等要求。
 It is a new technology of making pure water without consuming acid and alkali, also k
nown as "filling bed electrodialysis". It combines the traditional electrodialysis technol
ogy and ion exchange technology organically, which not only overcomes the shortco
ming that electrodialysis cannot remove salt in depth, but also makes up for the short
age that ion exchange cannot continue to produce water and acid base regeneration.
EDI is suitable for treatment of low salinity water such as reverse osmosis effluent, th
e water quality of which meets the requirements of electrical conductivity, hardness a
nd silicon of boiler water.
 EDI 装置包括膜堆、直流电源、控制保护等设备。膜堆由淡水室、浓水室和电极室组
成。 EDI device includes membrane reactor, dc power supply, control and protection
equipment. The membrane reactor is composed of fresh water chamber, concentrate
d water chamber and electrode chamber.
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 4.4.2 、电除盐 EDI
该技术将电渗析技术和离子交换技术相融合，通过阴、阳离子交换膜对阴、阳离子
的选择性透过作用与离子交换树脂对离子的交换作用，在直流电场的作用下实现离
子的定向迁移，从而完成水的深度除盐，水质可达 15MΩ.cm 以上。在进行除盐的
同时，水电离解产生的氢离子和氢氧根离子对离子交换树脂进行再生，因此不需酸
碱化学再生而能连续制取超纯水。它具有技术先进、操作简便和优异的环保特性，
是纯水制备技术的绿色革命。
The technology combining electrodialysis and ion exchange technology, through t
he anion and cation exchange membrane of anion and cation selectivity through th
e role and the ion exchange resin for ion exchange action, under the action of dc fi
eld, realize the directional migration of ions, thus complete the depth of the water d
esalination, water quality can reach 15 m Ω. Cm above. The hydro-hydrolytic hydro
gen ions and hydroxyl ions produced by hydro-electric dissociation are used to reg
enerate the ion-exchange resin, so the ultra-pure water can be prepared continuou
sly without acid and alkali regeneration. With advanced technology, simple operati
on and excellent environmental protection characteristics, it is the green revolution
of pure water preparation technology.

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 EDI 进水水质要求
项目 期望值 控制值
水温（℃） － 5~40

电导率（ 25℃ ） <20 <40

（ μS/cm ）
总可交换阴离子 － 0.5
（ mmol/L ）
硬度（ mmol/L ） <0.01 <0.02
二氧化碳（ mg/L ） <2 <5
二氧化硅（ mg/L ） <0.25 ≤0.5
Fe （ mg/L ） <0.01 －
Mn （ mg/L ） <0.01 －
TOC （ mg/L ） <0.5 －
pH 5~9
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 EDI inlet water quality requirements
item expectations value control value
water temperature （℃） － 5~40
Electrical conductivity （ 25℃ ） <20 <40
（ μS/cm ）
Total exchangeable anions （ mmol/L ） － 0.5
hardness （ mmol/L ） <0.01 <0.02
CO2 （ mg/L ） <2 <5

SiO2 （ mg/L ） <0.25 ≤0.5

Fe （ mg/L ） <0.01 －
Mn （ mg/L ） <0.01 －
TOC （ mg/L ） <0.5 －
pH 5~9

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 4.4.3 、常见除盐水制备工艺（ 1 ）
出水质量
序号 工艺流程 适用水质 备注
电导率 SiO2

1 一级除盐 10 100 当进水碱度

H→D→OH 原水含盐量 <0.5mmol/L
<400mg/L 时，可不设
2 H→D→OH→H/OH <0.10 <10
除碳器
RO→(D)→H/OH 原水含盐量小
3 <0.10 <10 －
TOC 含量高
原水含盐量 对原水含盐
RO→H→(D)→OH→H/OH
4 <0.10 <10 >400mg/L 、 TOC 量适用范围
含量高 广
原水含盐量及硅含
5 RO→RO→H/OH <0.10 <10 －
量较高

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4.4.3 、 Common desalination process （ 1 ）
out water
NO. process flow Apply to water quality note
SC SiO2
1 H→D→OH 10 100 When the alkalinity
Raw water of water is less
salt content than 0.5mmol/L,
2 H→D→OH→H/OH <0.10 <10 <400mg/L carbon remover is
not available
RO→(D)→H/OH Raw water has little salt content
3 <0.10 <10 TOC content high －

Raw water It is widely

applicable to salt
4 RO→H→(D)→OH→H/OH <0.10 <10 salt content>400mg/L 、 TOC content of raw
content high water
The raw water has higher salt
5 RO→RO→H/OH <0.10 <10 content and silicon content －

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 4.4.3 、常见除盐水制备工艺（ 2 ）
出水质量
序号 工艺流程 适用水质 备注
电导率 SiO2
第二级反
6 RO→RO→EDI <0.10 <10 原水含盐量高 渗透进口
应加碱
RO→RO→H→OH→H/OH
7 <0.10 <10 海水 －

1 、海水
MSF 或 MED→H/OH
9 <0.10 <10 2 、蒸馏设备产水含 －
盐量约 5mg/L
MSF 或 1 、海水
9 MED→H→OH→H/OH <0.10 <10 2 、允许蒸馏设备产 －
水含盐量有较大变化
10 MSF 或 MED→RO→EDI <0.10 <10 海水 －
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4.4.3 、 Common desalination process （ 2 ）
out water
NO. process flow Apply to water quality note
SC SiO2
The secondary
Raw water reverse osmosis
6 RO→RO→EDI <0.10 <10 salt content high inlet shall be alkali
added
7 RO→RO→H→OH→H/OH <0.10 <10 seawater －

MSF 1 、 seawater
9 MED→H/OH <0.10 <10 2 、 The water salt content －
of the distillation
equipment is about 5mg/L

MSF 1 、 seawater
9 MED→H→OH→H/OH <0.10 <10 2 、 The water salinity of －
the distillation equipment is
allowed to vary greatly
10 MSF or MED→RO→EDI <0.10 <10 seawater －

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 不同处理方式非活性硅的去除率参考数据
Reference data on removal rates of inactive silicon from different treatments

 接触混凝、过滤：约 60% ；
Contact coagulation and filtration: about 60%;
 混凝澄清、过滤：约 90% ；
Coagulation clarification and filtration: about 90%;
 混凝澄清、过滤、一级除盐水 + 混床：约 90% ；
Coagulation clarification, filtration, first-stage desalination + mixing bed:
about 90%;
 超滤 / 微滤： 30%~90% ；
Ultrafiltration/microfiltration: 30%~90%;
 反渗透： 100% Reverse osmosis: 100%

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 5 、除盐水的存储
demineralized water storage
密封方法
sealing method
 1 ）缓冲水隔离法 内壁防腐方法
Buffer water isolation Inner wall preservation
 2 ）塑料球密封法
method
Plastic ball sealing method
 3 ）吸收法  1 ）环氧玻璃钢
absorption Epoxy glass reinforced plastics
 4 ）浮顶密封法
 2 ）喷涂 spraying
Floating roof seal
 5 ）呼吸器  3 ）聚脲 polyurea
respirator

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 6 、锅炉补给水处理系统的设计原则
Design principles of boiler supply water treatment system
1 ）锅炉补给水处理系统，应根据原水水质、给水及锅炉质量标准、补给水率、排
污率、设备和药品的供应条件及环境保护等因素，经技术经济比较确定。 The boil
er supply water treatment system shall be determined through technical and econo
mic comparison according to factors such as raw water quality, water supply and b
oiler quality standards, supply water rate, discharge rate, supply conditions of equi
pment and medicine and environmental protection.
2 ）水处理设备的全部出力，应根据发电厂全部正常水汽损失与机组启动或事故而
增加的水处理设备出力，经必要的校核后确定。
The total output of water treatment equipment shall be determined after necessary
check according to the total normal water vapor loss of the power plant and the inc
reased output of water treatment equipment caused by unit startup or accident.
3 ）高压及以上参数汽包锅炉和直流锅炉，补给水处理的最后两道工序应选用一级
除盐 + 混床或 RO+EDI 。
High pressure and above parameters steam drum boiler and direct current boiler, t
he last two processes of supply water treatment should be first class desalting + mi
xed bed or RO+EDI.

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 6 、锅炉补给水处理系统的设计原则
Design principles of boiler supply water treatment system
 4 ）当原水含盐量较高、酸碱供应困难或者在环境保护上有特殊要求时，经技术经济
比较可选用反渗透、电渗析、闪蒸等与离子交换联合除盐系统。
When raw water has high salinity, difficulty in acid and alkali supply, or special require
ments on environmental protection, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, flash evaporatio
n, etc. can be selected as the combined desalting system with ion exchange through t
echnical and economic comparison.
 5 ）除盐系统进水的 CODMn 大于 2mg/L 时，宜选用抗有机物污染的离子交换树脂。
When CODMn in desalting system is greater than 2mg/L, ion exchange resins resistant
to organics should be selected.
 6 ）当进水中的强、弱酸阴离子比值比较稳定时，一级除盐可选用阳床先失效的单元
制系统，此时，阴离子交换树脂装入量宜为计算值加 10% ～ 15% 余量
When the ratio of strong and weak anion in the water is relatively stable, the first-level
desalting unit system can be selected for Yang bed first failure. At this point, the loadin
g amount of anion exchange resin should be the calculated value plus 10% ~ 15% .

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 6 、锅炉补给水处理系统的设计原则
Design principles of boiler supply water treatment system
 7 ）当除盐系统设备台数较多时，一级除盐设备可采用母管制系统。
When the number of desalting system equipment is large, primary control sy
stem can be adopted.
 8 ）应在保证除盐系统出水质量前提下采用能降低酸、碱耗量和减少废
酸、碱排放量的设备和工艺。
The equipment and process that can reduce acid and alkali consumption and
waste acid and alkali discharge should be adopted under the premise of ens
uring the water quality of the desalination system.
 9 ）碱再生液宜加热，加热温度通常为 35 ～ 40℃ 。
The appropriate liquid alkali regeneration heating, the heating temperature is
usually 35 ~ 40 ℃.

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 6 、锅炉补给水处理系统的设计原则
Design principles of boiler supply water treatment system
 10 ）对除盐（软化）系统对流离子交换器配制再生液及置换所用的水，
单元制系统宜为除盐（软化）水，母管制系统可使用本级交换器的出口
水。
The regenerated liquid and the water used for replacement were prepared
by the convection ion exchanger in the desalination (softening) system 。 T
he unit system should be desalinated (softened) water. The outlet water of t
he unit can be used in the master control system.
 11 ）逆流再生离子交换器顶压用气和混床用气的气源，应无油及有稳压
装置。
There should be no oil and pressure stabilizer in the air source of the top pr
essure gas and mixed bed gas regenerated by counterflow ion exchanger.
 12 ）对氢、钠离子交换的软化水管及除盐水管应进行防腐处理。
The softening water pipe of hydrogen and sodium ion exchange and the de
salting water pipe should be treated with antisepsis.

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 7 、制水工艺中的水质指标监督
Monitoring of water quality indexes in water making process
反渗透进水：电导率、 pH 、余氯或 ORP
RO incoming water: conductivity, pH, residual chlorine or ORP
反渗透产水：电导率
RO out water: electrical conductivity
阳床：钠离子
cation bed ： Na+
阴床：电导率、二氧化硅
anion bed ： Electrical conductivity 、 SiO2
混床出口：电导率、二氧化硅
Mixed bed out water ： Electrical conductivity 、
EDI 产水：电导率、二氧化硅
EDI out water ： lectrical conductivity 、 SiO2
除盐水泵出水母管：电导率、二氧化硅
demineralized water main pipe ： Electrical conductivity 、 SiO2

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 萨希瓦尔电厂补给水

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 Boiler Make-up Water Treatment

 来水→水箱→双介质过滤器→活性炭过滤器→自清洗过滤器→超滤→
超滤水箱→一级反渗透给水泵→一级反渗透→一级淡水箱→一级淡水
泵→二级反渗透→二级淡水箱→二级淡水泵→ EDI→ 除盐水箱→除盐
水泵→主厂房。
 Hydraulic facilities → service water tank → dual media filter → activ
e carbon filter → self-cleaning filter → ultrafiltration device → ultrafilt
ration water tank → the first stage reverse osmosis feedwater pump
→ the first stage reverse osmosis device → the first stage fresh wat
er tank → the first stage fresh water pump → the second stage rev
erse osmosis device → the second stage fresh water tank → the se
cond stage fresh water pump → EDI → demineralization water tank
→ demineralization water pump → main power building.

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 Thank you very much for
your attention!

规范诚信

追求卓越
以人为本

求实创新

谢 谢!
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 聚合氯化铝 poly aluminum chloride

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 聚合硫酸铁 Polymerized ferrous sulfate

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 硫酸亚铁 Ferrous sulfate

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 聚丙烯酰胺（ PAM ）

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 高效澄清池
 高密度沉淀池是一种集絮凝、预沉、污泥浓缩、浓缩污泥回流、斜板
分离于一体的高效沉淀池。
 每座高密度沉淀池工艺区域包括凝聚反应区、絮凝反应区、沉淀区、
集水区、污泥循环设备、污泥排放设备等部分组成
 混凝机理：基于高浓度的回流污泥可以形成絮凝质量更好、密度高、
分离性能好的固液两相体系。
 1 ）内筒循环和污泥回流产生均质的絮体和高密度的矾花。水流在内
筒和外筒之间循环的独特设计，加大了絮体的水力停留时间；浓缩区
上部的污泥回流，增大了反应区中絮体颗粒的碰撞几率。由此形成的
高密度矾花具有优良的絮凝沉降性能和良好的抗冲击性能。
 2 ）推流式反应池至沉淀池之间的慢速传输。絮凝区和沉降区的平稳
结合过渡，使絮凝后的水平稳慢速地进入沉降区，大部分絮体在进入
斜管前就已经沉降，通过斜管后可进一步降低浊度。

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 高效澄清池

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 高效澄清池

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 快速絮凝搅拌机与导流筒

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 机械搅拌澄清池示意图

9 11 9

4
出水 7
5 1
进水

10 2 12
8 6

排泥
3

回流泥渣

排污

1— 进水管； 2— 环形进水槽； 3— 第一反应室； 4— 第二反应室； 5— 导流室； 6

— 分离区； 7— 集水槽； 8— 泥渣浓缩室； 9— 加药管； 10— 搅拌叶轮； 11— 导流
板； 12— 伞形板
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 微涡流澄清池

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 气浮澄清池
1— 接触室；

2— 分离室；

3— 进水管；

4— 溶气释放器；

5— 集水装置；

6— 集水斗；

7— 出水装置；

8— 排渣槽；

9— 刮泥机；

10— 电机及减速机；

11— 接触室、分离室排污管

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 机械过滤器

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 无阀滤池
1— 辅助虹吸管

2— 虹吸上升管

3— 进水槽

4— 清水箱

5— 出水堰

6— 挡板

7— 滤池

8— 集水区

9— 滤板

10— 连通渠

11— 进水管

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 重力式滤池 gravity filter

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 V 型滤池

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 高效纤维过滤器

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 叠片式过滤器

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 双介质过滤器

无烟煤粒
径：

1.2~1.6mm;

石英砂粒径

0.5~1.0mm;

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 活性炭过滤器

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 self-cleaning filter

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 超滤装置

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 保安过滤器

滤元

进水

出水室

排污阀 出水

图 3-5 保安过滤器

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 反渗透装置

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 压力对反渗透的影响
脱盐率
脱
盐
率
、 膜通量
膜
通
量

进水压力

图 3-16 反参透进水压力对膜通量和脱盐率影响趋势

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 温度对反渗透的影响
脱盐率(通量一定)

脱
盐
率
、
膜
通 膜通量(压力一定)
量
温度

图 3-17 温度对膜通量和脱盐率影响趋势

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 含盐量对反渗透的影响

脱盐率(压力一定) 脱盐率(压力一定)

脱 脱 脱盐率(压力一定)
盐 盐
率 率
、 、
膜 膜 膜通量(压力一定)
通 膜通量(压力一定) 通
量 膜通量(压力一定) 量

含盐量
回收率
pH 值
图3-18 含盐量对膜通量 图3-19 回收率对膜通量 图 3-20 pH 值对膜通量
和脱盐率影响趋势 和脱盐率影响趋势 和脱盐率影响趋势

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 PH 对反渗透的影响

脱盐率(压力一定) 脱盐率(压力一定)

脱 脱 脱盐率(压力一定)
盐 盐
率 率
、 、
膜 膜 膜通量(压力一定)
通 膜通量(压力一定) 通
量 膜通量(压力一定) 量

含盐量
回收率
pH 值
图 3-18 含盐量对膜通量 图 3-19 回收率对膜通量 图 3-20 pH 值对膜通量
和脱盐率影响趋势 和脱盐率影响趋势 和脱盐率影响趋势

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 回收率对反渗透的影响

脱盐率(压力一定) 脱盐率(压力一定)

脱 脱 脱盐率(压力一定)
盐 盐
率 率
、 、
膜 膜 膜通量(压力一定)
通 膜通量(压力一定) 通
量 膜通量(压力一定) 量

含盐量
回收率
pH 值
图3-18含盐量对膜通量 图3-19回收率对膜通量 图3-20pH 值对膜通量
和脱盐率影响趋势 和脱盐率影响趋势 和脱盐率影响趋势

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 电除盐 EDI

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 EDI

 EDI 膜堆是由夹在两个电极之间一定对数的单元组成。在每个单元内有两类
不同的室：待除盐的淡水室和收集所除去杂质离子的浓水室。淡水室中用混
匀的阳、阴离子交换树脂填满，这些树脂位於两个膜之间：只允许阳离子透
过的阳离子交换膜及只允许阴离子透过的阴离子交换膜。
 树脂床利用加在室两端的直流电进行连续地再生，电压使进水中的水分子分
解成 H+ 及 OH- ，水中的这些离子受相应电极的吸引，穿过阳、阴离子交
换树脂向所对应膜的方向迁移，当这些离子透过交换膜进入浓室后， H +
和 OH- 结合成水。这种 H+ 和 OH- 的产生及迁移正是树脂得以实现连续
再生的机理。 当进水中的 Na+ 及 CI- 等杂质离子吸咐到相应的离子交换
树脂上时，这些杂质离子就会发生象普通混床内一样的离子交换反应，并相
应地置换出 H+ 及 OH- 。一旦在离子交换树脂内的杂质离子也加入到 H+
及 OH- 向交换膜方向的迁移，这些离子将连续地穿过树脂直至透过交换膜
而进入浓水室。这些杂质离子由於相邻隔室交换膜的阻挡作用而不能向对应
电极的方向进一步地迁移，因此杂质离子得以集中到浓水室中，然后可将这
种含有杂质离子的浓水排出膜堆。

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