Lecture 25

Referencing
Referencing
Harvard Referencing

a) In-text citations
b) Reference List
 Two main STYLES of referencing
1. IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS
In text reference e.g. Davis and McKay (1996, p.112) note that “it is
important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever
style is appropriate”.
Full reference e.g.
Davis, L.B. and McKay, S. 1996, Structures and Strategies: An introduction
to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne.

2. NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING SYSTEMS

Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that “it is important to be flexible
about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate” [1].
Full reference:
[1] Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay, Structures and Strategies: An introduction
to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne, 1996,
p.112.
TYPES of Referencing
There are a few main types
of referencing: Harvard
(mostly used by Social
Sciences, Business,
Engineering and Science),
Oxford and Cambridge
(mostly used in Law
subjects and occasionally
referred to as 'footnoting')
and APA (American
Psychological Association
(Psychology and some
Health Science areas) –
but there are also others.
IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS
•Harvard system
•APA system (American Psychological
Association system)
•MLA system (Modern Language
Association) Humanities
NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING
SYSTEMS
•Oxford system
•Vancouver system
•Cambridge reference
1. IN-TEXT REFERENCING SYSTEMS
Harvard system APA system
In text reference In text reference Davis and McKay
(1996) note that it is important to be
Davis and McKay (1996, p.112) note flexible about the system of referencing
that it is important to be flexible about and adopt whichever style is appropriate
the system of referencing and adopt (p.112).
whichever style is appropriate.
 Full reference Davis, L.B. & McKay, S.
Full reference Davis, L.B. and 1996, Structures and Strategies: An
McKay, S. 1996, Structures and introduction to Academic Writing,
Strategies: An introduction to Melbourne: Macmillan Education
Academic Writing, Macmillan Australia.
Education Australia, MLA
Melbourne.
system
In text reference Davis and McKay(1996) note that it is important to be flexible
about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate (112).
Full reference Davis, Lloyd and Susan McKay. Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing. Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia,
1996.
2. NUMBER-NOTE REFERENCING SYSTEMS

OXFORD SYSTEM Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that it is important to
be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate [1].
Full reference [1] Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay, Structures and Strategies: An
introduction to Academic Writing, Macmillan Education Australia, Melbourne, 1996,
p.112.
VANCOUVER SYSTEM Numbered reference Davis and McKay note that it is important
to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever style is appropriate 1.
Full reference 1. Davis, L.B. & McKay, S. Structures and Strategies: An introduction to
Academic Writing, Melbourne: Macmillan Education Australia, 1996

  CAMBRIDGE FOOTNOTING REFERENCE Numbered reference Davis and McKay

note that it is important to be flexible about the system of referencing and adopt whichever
style is appropriate1.
 Full reference (appears at the bottom of the page) 1. Lloyd Davis and Susan McKay.
Structures and Strategies: An introduction to Academic Writing. Macmillan
 Harvard Referencing – Citing In Text
It is the most widely used It is the standard in La Trobe
system in business disciplines University Business subjects
When you are taking notes, you should
In-text references for a record not only the main points of the
paraphrase* require: author’s work, but also your initial
critical evaluation of the material
1. Authors Surname (s) (Davis & McKay, 1996).

2. A comma

3. Year of Publication
No author? Use the the name of the Institution eg: La Trobe
University
* PARAPHRASE is when you re-word the writers words (same
idea but different words)
 Harvard Referencing
In-text references for a Davis and McKay (1996) explain
paraphrase where you that………..
mention the writer’s name:
Year of Publication
Davis & McKay, (1996, p. 6) state that
When doing in-text “…note taking is a key part of lectures.”
references for a QUOTE
add the page numbers.
For web references (no There is strong evidence that “…note
pages) use Section Title (if taking is a key part of lectures”
(Davis & McKay, 1996, p. 6)
possible) and paragraph
number eg: para 12
Direct Quotes: Short Quote
•Interpersonal perception is defined as
“how we see other people” (Lewis & Slade
2000, p. 33).
Surnames only. Do not
This is the Harvard include title of paper.
system

‘&’ or ‘and’ ? The student study guide recommends

‘and’ for 2 authors and ‘&’ for 3. The message – be
consistent!!!
Direct Quotes: Short Quote
•Interpersonal perception is defined as
“how we see other people” (Lewis et al.
2000, p. 33).

et al. for more than 3 authors. Sometimes

this can be in italics. The message – be
consistent!!!

Year only. Page number is ONLY FOR

QUOTES – not for paraphrased
information.
When to Cite? General, common
knowledge ideas can be stated - but you need to
be sure.

How accurate are these statement?

-Terrorism is everywhere (really?
everywhere)
-There is widespread acceptance of global
water shortage. (there are floods in some
places)
-Most people smoke. (where, statistics?)
 When to Cite?
Commonly known facts do not need a citation.
Look at the following statements. Which one needs a
citation?
a) The moon revolves
around the earth.
b) Sydney is on the east
coast of Australia.
c) London’s population will
double by 2010.
d) Food is necessary for
survival.
 WORKS CITED
• BOOK WITH 1 AUTHOR:

Mumford, Lewis. The Culture of Cities. New York: Harcourt, 1938. Print.

• BOOK WITH 2 OR 3 AUTHORS:

Francis, R. Douglas, Richard Jones, and Donald B. Smith. Destinies:

Canadian History since Confederation. Toronto: Harcourt, 2000. Print.

• BOOK WITH 4 OR MORE AUTHORS:

Baldwin, Richard et al. Economic Geography and Public Policy.

Princeton: Princeton UP, 2003. Print.
 WORKS CITED
• TWO OR MORE BOOKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR:

Replace the author's name by three hyphens and arrange

alphabetically by the book's title:

Postman, Neil. Amusing Ourselves to Death: Public Discourse in the Age of

Show Business. New York: Viking, 1985. Print.

---. The Disappearance of Childhood. New York: Vintage,

1994. Print.

• ANTHOLOGY OR COMPILATION:
Abate, Corinne S., ed. Privacy, Domesticity, and Women in Early Modern
England. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2003. Print.