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Destilacion: Subdirección de Procesos
Destilacion: Subdirección de Procesos
Destilacion: Subdirección de Procesos
Subdirección de Procesos
SPECIFICATIONS FOR TYPICAL COLUMNS
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TRAY EFFICIENCIES
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DIFFERENCES IN TRAY TYPES:
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DETERMINING TRAY EFFICIENCIES
Necessary Data:
Update column drawing
Accurate reflux and/or reboiler duty measurement
Procedure:
1) Assume an overall tray efficiency and build a model. (initially assume
same efficiency in stripping and rectification sections.)
2) Perform calculations to meet observed separation. Check reflux rate
and /or reboiler duty.
3) If reflux (or reboil duty) is low: Decrease number of stages in the model.
If reflux (or reboil duty) is high: Increase number of stages in the model.
4) For fine tuning: Specify light key separation and reflux. Check heavy key
separation.
If heavy key in overhead is too high–lower feed tray. If too low, raise
feed tray.
5) Return to step 2) If necessary
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OVERALL TRAY EFFICIENCIES
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OVERALL TRAY EFFICIENCIES (CONT´D)
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SETUP OF COLUMNS
INITIAL ESTIMATES:
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3) Estimate key tray temperatures:
Condenser, top tray, bottom tray, reboiler
5) Remember to supply flash zone pressure for crude and vacuum columns.
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TROUBLESHOOTING COLUMNS
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STRATEGY FOR DIAGNOSIS
Principle: Specify flow rate at low flow zones in columns to lock in a solution.
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2) Very high column temperatures:
Causes: lower product rates too low
recovery of light key too high
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5) Oscillation that is close to a solution:
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CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION
Crude oil:
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AVAILABLE DATA
Note: Because of the composition changes with time, assays more than two
years old may not accurately represent a crude oil.
Crude units:
Large diameter
35 – 50 trays
Side trippers
Pump around
Coolers
Overhead water
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FIRST STEP IN OIL REFINING
Typical products:
Light ends, light gasoline, reforming naphtha, kerosene, diesel, gas oil to
FCC, topped crude to vacuum distillation.
Energy conservation:
Elaborate preheat network prior to furnace
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Side stripping of products:
Steam: 4 – 6 trays
Reboiled: 6 – 10 trays
Improves flash point by removing
Light ends
Typical steam: 0.1 0.25 LBS/GALLON of product
[12 -30 kg/m3] :
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Pumparound coolers:
Distribute heat removal
Down the column
- more efficient - higher level heat
- reduces vapor loading
Note: Design of side cooling is tightly integrated with the crude preheat
scheme.
There are three common schemes used in crude unit design:
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Runback or “Overflash”:
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CRUDE OIL DISTILLATION
SIMULATION TECHNIQUES
METODOLOGY:
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2) TRANSLATE TO SIMULATION FLOWSHET:
c) Pumparound circuits:
Use two fractionation occurs on intermediate trays – pumparound section is a
heat sink.
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d) Flash zone: Add an artificial tray with a trim heater
Note: For most simulations there are not enough light ends in the crude.
There are two reason: light ends lost from samples and cracking in the crude
furnace in the real world.
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3) PRELIMINARY TUN TO CHECK ENERGY BALANCE:
a) Specifications: all product rates except top product; overflash
b) Degrees of freedom: side product rates, condenser and trim heater duties
c) Side coolers: set duty to zero.
d) All cooling will be at condenser:
about 40 – 60 percent of the cooling is normally taken o the side cooling
Note: this case is a maximum reflux and fractionation case if the product
separations are not better than the plant data you will have ton add more
trays to the model.
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4) Final run with side cooling:
a) Set side cooling duty and pumparound delta T;
Compute circulation rate (probably least accurate)
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VACUUM DISTILLATION
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TYPICAL OPERATING CONDITIONS:
Overhead product:
Lt Naphtha
Non condensibles:
Dissolved in feed
From cracking
From leaks
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Vacuum system
Dry operation:
Less condensing Equipment
Lower operating costs
Less oily water to treat
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METHODOLOGY:
Dissolved:
Lb/hr = 11.5 * (BBL/DAY *1E-3)
Kg/hr = 0.785 * m3/hr
Leaks:
Lb/hr = 6 * (BBL/DAY *1E-3)1/2
Kg/hr = 2.72 * (0.152 m3/hr)1/2
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Cracking:
Lb/hr = C * (BBL/DAY)/24
Kg/hr = C1 * (6.289 m3/hr)
Where:
Flash zone Deg F C Deg C C1
800 1.2 427 0.545
775 0.6 412 0.272
750 0.3 399 0.136
725 0.15 385 0.068
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1) Accurate feed analysis (Cont´d):
e) Blend products if no feed data available:
- Missing data for vacuum resid
- Probability papers is useful
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3) Translate to simulation flowsheet:
(Theo Trays)
Stripping section (1)
Flash zone to HVGO (1-2)
HVGO section (2)
LVGO section (2)
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5) Bottoms Circulation:
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