GSM n CDMA

TECHNOLOGY

BY
BY
G. Sai Chaitanya Sagar
N. Sirisha
 INTRODUCTION
The two most prevalent mobile communication technologies are :

1. GSM – Global System for Mobile Communication

 Based on TDMA technology
 Mainly used in Europe, Middle-east and Africa

2. CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access

 Based on a spread-spectrum technology
 Mainly used in North America
 GSM – Architecture
GSM can be broadly divided into 3 parts:

• The Radio Subsystem

(BSS, BTS, BSC, MS etc)

• The Network & Switching Subsystem

(MSC, HLR, VLR etc)

• The Operation Subsystem

(OMC, AuC, EIR etc)
 1. Radio Subsystem
The Radio Subsytem consists of all radio specific entities like :

a. Mobile Station : It comprises of user equipment & softwares

needed for communication with GSM networks.
 It mainly consists of SIM, which stores all user specific data with
relevant to GSM.
 MS can be identified through IMEI.

b. Base Station Subsystem : This main function is to maintain

connection with the MS.
 BSS also contains BTS which comprises of all radio equipment.
 Both BSS & BTS is controlled by BSC.
 2. Network and Switching Subsystem
This is the ‘heart’ of the GSM. It consists of the following entities :

a. Mobile Service Switching Centre : This establishes connections

between other MSCs & BSCs through A interface. It handles all the
signaling needed for connection setup. (SS7)

b. Home Location Register : This is a database which stores user

relevant information. It consists of static information like call
forwarding, GPRS etc and also dynamic information like LA.

c. Visitor Location Register : VLR is a dynamic database which

provides information whenever there is a new MS.
 3. OPERATION SUBSYSTEM

The OSS consists of functions for network operation & maintenance.

a. Operation & Maintenance Centre : It monitors other network

entities via O interface. Typical maintenance functions are Traffic
monitoring, Security management.

b. Authentication Centre : It is defined to protect user identity and

transmission. It contains algorithms for authentication and keys to
encrypt.
 GSM SERVICES
GSM services are a standard collection of applications and
features available to mobile phone subscribers all over the
world which are defined by the 3GPP.

 It allows users to send and receive data at rates up to 9600

bytes per second (bps).

 The common standard makes it possible to use the same

phones with different companies' services, or even roam into
different countries. GSM is the world's most dominant mobile
phone standard.
 ADVANTAGES OF GSM
1. GSM is already used worldwide with over 450 million
subscribers.

2. International roaming permits subscribers to use one

phone throughout Western Europe. CDMA will work in
Asia, but not France, Germany, the U.K. and other popular
European destinations.

3. The availability of Subscriber Identity Modules, which are

smart cards that provide secure data encryption give GSM
m-commerce advantages.
CDMA - ARCHITECTURE
CDMA is a channel access
Method used by various radio
Communication technology.

CDMA employs spread spectrum 

technology and a special coding
Scheme to allow multiple users to be
multiplexed over the same
physical channel.

CDMA has relatively higher bandwidth compared to others.

 WORKING OF CDMA
CDMA works by converting speech signals into digital signals,
which are then transmitted over a wireless network and then
decoded at the receiver's end.

CDMA works by converting speech signals into digital signals,

which are then transmitted over a wireless network and then
decoded at the receiver's end.

Each user in a CDMA system uses a different code to modulate

their signal. Choosing the codes used to modulate the signal is
very important in the performance of CDMA systems. 
 FEATURES OF CDMA
 Spread the spectrum using Orthogonal codes.

 All the terminals can be active at the same place, at

same moment uninterrupted.

 Used in many 3G systems due to higher complexity

and as it is integrated with TDMA/FDMA.

 Contains complex receivers, needs more complicated

power control for senders.
 ADVANTAGES OF CDMA
Increased cellular communications security.

Simultaneous conversations.

Increased efficiency, meaning that the carrier can serve

more subscribers.

Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination

needed by operators.

Extended reach - beneficial to rural users situated far from

cells
 DISADVANTAGES OF CDMA
Due to its proprietary nature, all of CDMA's flaws are not
known to the engineering community.

CDMA is relatively new, and the network is not as mature

as GSM.

CDMA cannot offer international roaming, a large GSM

advantage.
 CONCLUSION
The wireless world is divided into two camps, GSM (used in a
large part of Western Europe) and CDMA (used in North
America and parts of Asia). Just two years before CDMA was
introduced in Hong Kong in1995, European manufacturers
chose to support the earlier technology, GSM's TDMA...

CDMA poses a threat to GSM. It makes full use of the limited

bandwidth by squeezing in several calls. So handsets that use
CDMA technology are smaller and slicker, have better voice and
data quality...
QUERIE
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