MATHEMATICS FOR

ECONOMICS II
27/4/2020
INTEGRATION
Integration

• Integration is the process which reverses differentiation

• Let F(x) + c be the function to be differentiated.
• Let the derivative of F(x) + c be denoted by f(x)

differentiate

d ( F( x )  c)
dx
F( x )  c f ( x)

 f ( x ) dx
integrate

Figure 8.2
• The derivative of F(x) + c is f(x)
• When f(x) is integrated the result is F(x) + c back again
 2
x
• Example, differentiate 2
+ c

2
d x
( + c) = x
dx 2

differentiate

2
x
+ c
2
• Differentiate
2
d x
( + c) = x
dx 2

differentiate

2
x
+ c x
2
• then integrate the x
d 2
x
( + c)
dx 2

differentiate

2
x
+ c x
2

2
x
integrate : ò x dx = + c
2
• the integration has reversed the differentiation

differentiate

d 2
x
( + c)
dx 2
2
x
+ c x
2

ò x dx

integrate
Integration : the operation which reverses differentiation: an
example

• Integration is the process which reverses differentiation

• Let x2
+ Cbe the function to be differentiated.
2
x2
• The derivative of is
+ cx
2
differentiate
d x2
( + c)
x2 dx 2
+c x
2
ò x dx
integrate
Figure 8.3
• Then if the derivative, x, is integrated; differentiation is reversed;
x2
• the result is + c
2 back again
x2
• Hence, the integral of x:
 x dx  2  c
• The following table gives examples to illustrate integration as the process which
reverses differentiation

d[F( x) +c]
y = F( x) +c = f ( x) òf (x) dx = F(x) + c
dx

x2 dy 2x x2
Example (a) = =x
y = +c
2
dx 2 ò( x)dx = 2 + c
dy 2 x3
Example (b) x3 =x ò x dx = + c
2
y = +c dx
3 3

Example (c) dy 3 x4
x4 =x ò x dx = + c
3
y = +c dx 4
4

Example (d) x n+1 dy n x n+1

y= +c =x ò x dx =
n
+c
n +1 dx n +1

• Example(d) is the general power rule for integration

The xn or power rule, for integration

• The Power rule for integration is given as:

x n 1
 x dx  n  1  c
n
provided that n not equal to - 1.

1 1
If n = -1, the rule is:  x dx   x dx  ln( x )  c

• This rule is derived as follows:

differentiate

d
(ln( x ) + c )
dx
ln( x ) + c 1
1 x
ò x dx
Figure 8.4
integrate
 • Worked Example 8.1: Integration with the Power rule

Function Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Simplify the

Simplify, if State n and Apply power rule: answer
n+ 1 x n +1
necessary òx n
dx =
n +1
+c if possible

(a) x 4
x 4
n = 4: n+1=5 x5 same
òx 4 dx = 5
+c

x 4
x 4
n = 2: n+1=3 x 3 same
(b)
x 2
x 2 = x 4-2 = x 2
òx 2 dx = 3
+c

1 1 = x n = - 4: x -3 x -3 = - x -3
(c)
òx
-4
x4 x4
-4
dx = +c
-3 -3 3
n+1=-3
= - 13 + c
3x
(d) x x =x 0 .5 n = 0.5: dx = x
1.5
same
òx 0 .5
1 .5
+c
n + 1 = 1.5
(e) 1 = 1 n = - 1.5 x - 0.5 + c - 0 .5
3 3 0 .5
(x ) ò x - 0 .5
d x =
- 0. 5 -x = - 2x - 0 .5
x 0 .5
1 n + 1 = - 0.5
x3 = 11.5 = - 20. 5 + c
x x
= x -1.5