ETHNOLINGUISTIC

AND SUB-CULTURE
• An ethnolinguistic group (or ethno-linguistic
group) is a group that is unified by both a common
ethnicity and language. ... A central concept in the
linguistic study of ethnolinguistic groups is
ethnolinguistic vitality, the ability of the group's
language and ethnicity to sustain.
• A subculture is a group within a culture that
differs from the general consensus. They have a
unique set of beliefs and values that don't
necessarily align with the wider culture. Explore
some subculture examples, from beatniks to
bodybuilders, and get a clear idea of what small
groups of nonconformists look like.
 ETHNOLINGUISTIC AND SUB-CULTURE
GROUPS OF THE FILIPINO
• The Tagalogs are the most widespread ethnic group in the Philippines.
They predominate the entirety of the Manila and mainland southern
Luzon regions, with a plurality in Central Luzon (mainly in its
southeastern portion, as well as parts of Zambales and Bataan provinces
except Pampanga and Tarlac) and coastal parts of Mindoro.[42][42][42]
[43] The Tagalog language was chosen as an official language of the
Philippines in 1935. Today, Filipino, a de facto version of Tagalog, is
taught throughout the archipelago.[44] As of the 2019 census, there were
about 22.5 million speakers of Tagalog in the Philippines, 23.8 million
worldwide.[45]
• The Cebuano people (Cebuano: Mga Sugbuanon) are the
second most widespread ethnic group in the Philippines after
the Tagalog people. They are originally native to the province
of Cebu in the region of Central Visayas whose primary
language is the Cebuano language and later spread out to other
places in the Philippines, such as Siquijor, Bohol, Negros
Oriental, southwestern Leyte, western Samar, Masbate, and
large parts of Mindanao. The majority of Cebuanos are Roman
Catholic.
• The Ilocano people are a predominantly Christian group who reside
within the lowlands and coastal areas of northwestern Luzon.[31] Other
Ilocanos are also found in Cordillera Administrative Region and
Cagayan Valley. Minor pockets of Ilocanos are also found in scattered
parts of Central Luzon, such as Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, and
Aurora, in Metro Manila and in some municipalities in Mindanao,
mainly in Sultan Kudarat.[31][32] They speak Ilocano and they form the
third largest ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines at about 8.1 million.
[33] Their foremost folk literature is Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-
ang), an epic poem with similarities with the Ramayana.
• The Hiligaynon people, often referred to as Ilonggo people (Hiligaynon:
Mga Hiligaynon/Mga Ilonggo), refers to the ethnic race whose primary
language is the Hiligaynon language, an Austronesian language native to
Panay, Guimaras, and Negros Occidental. Other Hiligaynons lived in
Romblon, Palawan, Masbate, SOCCSKSARGEN Over the years, inter-
migrations and intra-migrations have contributed to the diaspora of the
Hiligaynons to different parts of the Philippines. Now, the Hiligaynon
form the majority in the provinces of Iloilo, Negros Occidental,
Guimaras, Capiz, South Cotabato, Sultan Kudarat, and North Cotabato.
• The Bicolanos are a predominantly Roman Catholic ethnic
group that originates from the Bicol Region in Southern Luzon.
They are the fifth-largest ethnolinguistic group in the
Philippines. There are several Bikol languages of which there
is a total of about 3.5 million speakers. The most widespread
Bikol language is Central Bikol comprising Naga, Legazpi,
Daet and Partido dialects (Virac is sometimes considered as a
separate language). They are known for their cuisine heavily
using chili peppers and coconut milk.
• The Maguindanao people are the historical people of the Sultanate of
Maguindanao. The name "Maguindanao" is generally translated to mean "people of
the flood plains". However, it comes from the root word danao (also danaw, ranaw,
or lanaw), which can also mean "lake". Thus the name can also be translated as
"people of the lake", identical to their closely-related neighbors, the Maranao and
Iranun people. These three groups still speak the mutually-intelligible Danao
languages. They live primarily in Maguindanao, SOCCSKSARGEN, and
Zamboanga Peninsula and speak Maguindanaon with second languages as Cebuano,
Tagalog and Arabic and/or English. Because of the mass influx of Cebuano migrants
to Mindanao, many of the Maguindanao people tend to be exposed to the Cebuano
language from Visayas easily enough to be able to speak it. Arabic is spoken by a
minority of the Moro people, being the liturgical language of Islam.
• Cuyunon are lowland dwellers hailing originally from the island town of Cuyo
and other surrounding islands. They claim descent from the Kadatuan of Taytay and
have historically spread to northern and central Palawan. They also call themselves
as Palaweños, like the Agutaynon, much to the amusement and distress of the
original tribal groups, such as the Palawan, who are called Palawano by outsiders.
They are considered an elite class among the hierarchy of native Palaweños. Their
conversion to Christianity has led to the merger of the animistic beliefs of the
Cuyunon with the Christian elements to produce a folk Christianity which is the
prevailing belief of the Cuyunon. They speak the Cuyonon language, which is a
Visayan language, but have recently also adopted Tagalog and Hiligaynon due to an
increase of Tagalog-speaking immigrants from Luzon.
• The Tausūg or Suluk people are an ethnic group of the Philippines, Malaysia
and Indonesia. The Tausūg are part of the wider political identity of Muslims of
Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan. Most of the Tausugs have converted into the religion
of Islam. The Muslim Tausugs originally had an independent state known as the Sulu
Sultanate, which once exercised sovereignty over the present day provinces of
Basilan, Palawan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, the eastern part of the Malaysian state of Sabah
(formerly North Borneo) and North Kalimantan in Indonesia. "Tausug" means "the
people of the current", from the word tau which means "man" or "people" and sūg
(alternatively spelled sulug or suluk) which means "[sea] currents". This refers to
their homelands in the Sulu Archipelago. The Tausūg in Sabah refer to themselves as
Tausūg but refers to their ethnic group as "Suluk" as documented in official
documents such as birth certificates in Sabah, which are written Malay.
• The Maranao people (Maranao: ['mәranaw]; Filipino: Maranaw), also spelled Meranao,
Maranaw, and Mëranaw, is the term used by the Philippine government to refer to the
southern tribe who are the "people of the lake", a predominantly-Muslim Lanao province
region of the Philippine island of Mindanao. They are known for their artwork, weaving,
wood, plastic and metal crafts and epic literature, the Darengen. They live around Lake
Lanao, the ancestral homeland of the Maranao people. They are related to modern the
Maguindanao and Iranun people. They speak the Maranao and live in the provinces of Lanao
del Norte and Lanao del Sur. Because of the mass influx of Cebuano migrants to Mindanao,
many Maranaos are also fluent in Cebuano. They also use Arabic as a liturgical language of
Islam. Most Maranaos, however, do not know Arabic beyond its religious use. Some also
know Chavacano, which is a Philippine Spanish Creole that gained popularity as a major
language during the short-lived Republic of Zamboanga. Most Maranaos with part-Tausug
or Yakan from Zamboanga and Basilan are conversant, specifically the Zamboanga dialect
known as Zamboangueño.
• The Pangasinense people are the eighth-largest
ethnolinguistic group in the Philippines. They
predominate in the northwestern portion of Central
Luzon (entire Pangasinan, northern Tarlac, northwestern
Nueva Ecija and northern Zambales), as well as
southwestern parts of La Union and Benguet. They are
predominantly Christian (mainly Roman Catholic). They
primarily use the Pangasinan language, which is spoken
by more than 1.2 million individuals.
• The Kapampangan people are the seventh-largest ethnic group in the
Philippines. They predominate in the southwestern portion of Central Luzon (entire
Pampanga, southern Tarlac, southwestern Nueva Ecija, southeastern Zambales,
western Bulacan and northeastern Bataan). They are predominantly Christian
(mainly Roman Catholic). They primarily use the Kapampangan language, which is
spoken by more than 1.4 million individuals. In the Spanish colonial era, Pampanga
was known to be a source of valiant soldiers. There was a Kapampangan contingent
in the colonial army who helped defend Manila against the Chinese Pirate Limahon.
They also helped in battles against the Dutch, the English and Muslim raiders.[38]:3
Kapampangans, along with the Tagalogs, played a major role in the Philippine
Revolution.[39]
• The Waray people refers to the group of people whose primary language is the Waray
language (also called Lineyte-Samarnon). They are native to the islands of Samar, Leyte and
Biliran, which together comprise the Eastern Visayas Region of the Philippines. Waray
people inhabit the whole island of Samar where they are called Samareños/Samarnons, the
northern part of the island of Leyte where they are called Leyteños, and the island of Biliran.
On Leyte island, the Waray people occupy the northern part of the island, separated from the
Cebuano language-speaking Leyteños by a mountain range in the middle of the island. On
the island of Biliran, Waray-Waray-speaking people live on the eastern part of the island
facing the island of Samar; their Waray-Waray dialect is commonly referred to as Biliranon.
On the island of Ticao, which belongs to the province of Masbate in the Bicol Region,
Waray-Waray-speaking people live on most parts of the island; they are commonly referred
to as Ticaonon. However, the Ticaonon have more affinity with the Masbateño-speaking
people of Masbate, being their province-mates. The Bicolano language has more common
vocabulary with the Waray-Waray language than with other Visayan languages (i.e. Cebuano
or Ilonggo).