TRANSMISI DATA

Sujoko
 Objektif
• Konsep dan Terminologi
• Transmisi data analog dan digital
• Gangguan transmisi (Impairment)
• Analisis Fourier
• Kuat sinyal (Signal Strength) dan Decibels
 Sources of signal impairment
Signal carried on transmission medium affected by:

- Attenuation
- Limited Bandwidth
- Delay Distortion
- Noise
Sources of
signal
impairment
 Attenuation

•Signal Attenuation: Decrease in signal

amplitude as it propagates along transmission
medium
- Consequence: Limit length of cable to be used
- Solution : Amplifiers (Repeaters) used to restore signal
to original level.
- Property : Signal attenuation increases as a function of
frequency.
Possible remedies : - Non Linear amplifiers or
Equalizers
 Attenuation (lanjutan)
•Signal Amplification ( Gain ): Increase in
signal amplitude
Contoh (Attenuation)
Contoh (Lanjutan)
Signaling Rate vs. Data Bit Rate
 Limited Bandwidth
• Bandwidth of a communication /
transmission medium:
– band of sinusoidal frequency components (f1to
f2) that will
– be transmitted by the channel unattenuated

• Question: What is the effect of channel bandwidth on

transmitted signal ?
 Fourier analysis
• A periodic signal is made of an infinite
series of sinusoidal frequency components
- Fundamental frequency component : same
frequency as initial periodic signal, cycles
per sec (Hz)
- Harmonics : other frequency components,
multiples of fundamental frequency.
 Fourier analysis
 
v(t )  a   an cos n( 0)t   bn sin n( 0)t
n 1 n 1

• V(t) = tegangan sinyal (periodis) sebagai fungsi

waktu
• W0 = komponen frekuensi fondamental (rad/sec)
• T= 2π/W0 atau W0 = 2 πf0
 Aplikasi analisis Fourier
(Untuk transmisi data)

Possible binary sequences (periodic) :

(1) 1 0 1 0 1 0 …… period = 2 bit cell intervals
(2) 1 1 0 1 1 0 ….. period = 3 bit cell intervals
(3) 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 …. period = 4 bit cell intervals
Note: (1) has shortest period, highest fundamental
frequency
component: worst-case sequence
 Aplikasi analisis Fourier
(Untuk transmisi data)
Basic Binary Signal Types:
• Unipolar Signal (Return to zero, RZ)
Amplitudes : +V, 0;
Mean Signal Level = V /2
• Bipolar Signal (Non Return–To–Zero ,
NRZ)
Amplitudes : +V, -V;
Mean Signal Level = 0
Aplikasi analisis Fourier
(Untuk transmisi data)
Aplikasi analisis Fourier
(Untuk transmisi data)
 Aplikasi analisis Fourier
(Untuk transmisi data)
General Observations:
• A periodic binary sequence is made of an
infinite series of
sinusoidal signals made of
-A fundamental frequency component, f0
-A third harmonic component , 3f0
-A fifth harmonic component , 5f0
Note: Odd harmonics only
 Aplikasi analisis Fourier
(Untuk transmisi data)/Lanjutan
• The amplitude of the harmonics diminishes with
increasing frequency
• T (Signal Period) = 2*Tb (Bit Period)
Tb = T/2; 1/ Tb = 2/T = 2 * 1/T
R (bit rate) = 2 * f0 (fundamental frequency)
• When binary data signal transmitted on a
channel, only those frequency components that
are within channel bandwidth will be received
• A channel with a bandwidth :
From 0 to fundamental frequency (half the bit rate)
can often give satisfactory performance
Aplikasi
analisis Fourier

(Untuk
transmisi data)

Analysis Effect of
Limited
Bandwidth:
Aplikasi analisis Fourier
(Untuk transmisi data)
Effect of Limited Bandwidth
Aplikasi analisis Fourier
(Untuk transmisi data)
Effect of Limited Bandwidth:
 Contoh :
• A binary signal of R (bit rate) = 500 bps is transmitted on
a communication channel

• What is the minimum bandwidth required, assuming

(a) Fundamental frequency only
(b) Fundamental and third harmonic
(c) Fundamental,third and fifth harmonics

• Solution :
For R = 500bps, f0 = R/2 = 250 Hz
(a) 0 – 250 Hz
(b) 0 – 750 Hz
(c ) 0 – 1250 Hz
 Laju transfer informasi maksimum
Untuk kanal transmisi (noiseless)
(the Nyquist Formula)

C = 2W log2M

where
W : bandwidth of the channel (Hz)
M: number of levels per signaling element
log2M : number of bits/signaling element
 Laju transfer informasi maksimum
(Contoh)
Data is sent over a PSTN with :
M = 8 levels /signaling element
W = 3,000 Hz
Q: What is the Nyquist maximum data transfer rate ?
A:
C = 2W log2M
= 2*3000*log28
= 2*3000*3
= 18,000 bps
 Bandwidth Efficiency of a
Transmission Channel

B = R/W = 1/(W* Tb) bps Hz-1

Observations:
• The higher the bit rate relative to the available bandwidth, the higher
the bandwidth efficiency
• Typical values for B: 0.25 - 3.0bps Hz-1, (B=3.0 requires a high signal
rate)
•Another expression for bandwidth efficiency:
R = RS. m = RS log2 M
B = R/W = (R S log2 M) /W
Where
M is number of levels per signaling element
log2 M is number of bits per signaling element
 Delay Distortion
• Rate of propagation of a signal over a channel is
function of frequency of signal
• Consequence: Delay Distortion – different
frequency components arrive with different delays
• Delay distortion increases with bit rate
• Inter symbol interference : frequency components
of a bit start to interfere with a later bit
• Use of an eye diagram : oscilloscope displays all
possible signals superimposed
Delay Distortion (Lanjutan)
 Noise
• Line Noise level :
Random perturbations on the line, even
when no signal present.
Consequence: Interference between
(attenuated) transmitted signal and line
(background) noise
• Signal-to noise ratio: (SNR)
SNR = 10log10(S/N) dB
S : average power in received signal (watts)
N : noise power (watts)
 Noise (Lanjutan)
Theoretical data rate of a transmission channel
(Shannon – Hartley law)

C = W log2(1 + S/N) bps

Where
W = Bandwidth (Hz).
S = Average signal power (watts)
N = Random noise power (watts)
 Noise (Lanjutan)
Theoretical data rate of a transmission channel
(Shannon – Hartley law)
Given a PSTN with:
W = 3000 Hz, and
SNR = 20 dB
determine maximum theoretical data rate
A:
SNR = 10log10(S/N)
20 = 10log10 (S/N) , untuk S/N = 102 = 100.
C = W log2(1 + S/N)
= 3000 log2(1+100)
= 19,963 bps.
 Noise (Lanjutan)
• Cross Talk: Noise caused by unwanted electrical
coupling between adjacent lines

• Near – End Cross Talk (NEXT) or Self – Cross Talk:

Strong signal output from transmitter circuit interferes
with weak signal at receiver circuit
Solution: Adaptive NEXT cancellers

• Impulse Noise: Caused by external electrical activity

– impulses (lightning, impulses from old switching
systems)
Observation : Both cross talk and impulse noise are
caused by electrical activity external to transmission line
Noise
(Lanjutan)