Uts Chapter 2 Lesson 1

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PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

OLD NALSIAN ROAD, BRGY. NALSIAN, CALASIAO, PANGASINAN
Understanding the Self

Chapter 2- Unpacking the Self
The Physical and Sexual Self
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• Reproduction: is the process by which organisms make more organisms like themselves. But even
though the reproductive system is essential to keeping a species alive, unlike other body systems, it's not
essential to keeping an individual alive.
Male Reproductive System

The purpose of the organs of the male reproductive system is to perform the following functions:
• To produce, maintain, and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and protective fluid (semen)
• To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract during sex
• To produce and secrete male sex hormones responsible for maintaining the male reproductive system
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• Unlike the female reproductive system, most of the male reproductive system is located outside of the
body. These external structures include the penis, scrotum, and testicles.
1. Penis: It is the male organ used in sexual intercourse. It has three parts: the root, which attaches to the
wall of the abdomen; the body, or shaft; and the glans, which is the cone-shaped part at the end of the
penis. The glans, also called the head of the penis, is covered with a loose layer of skin called foreskin. This
skin is sometimes removed in a procedure called circumcision. The opening of the urethra, the tube that
transports semen and urine, is at the tip of the penis. The glans of the penis also contains a number of
sensitive nerve endings.
• The body of the penis is cylindrical in shape and consists of three circular shaped chambers. These
chambers are made up of special, sponge-like tissue. This tissue contains thousands of large spaces that
fill with blood when the man is sexually aroused. As the penis fills with blood, it becomes rigid and erect,
which allows for penetration during sexual intercourse. The skin of the penis is loose and elastic to
accommodate changes in penis size during an erection.
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2. Scrotum: it is the loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind and below the penis. It contains the
testicles (also called testes), as well as many nerves and blood vessels. The scrotum acts as a "climate control
system" for the testes. For normal sperm development, the testes must be at a temperature slightly cooler
than body temperature. Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum allow it to contract and relax, moving the
testicles closer to the body for warmth or farther away from the body to cool the temperature.
3. Testicles: These are oval organs about the size of large olives that lie in the scrotum, secured at either end
by a structure called the spermatic cord. Most men have two testes. The testes are responsible for making
testosterone, the primary male sex hormone, and for generating sperm. Within the testes are coiled masses
of tubes called seminiferous tubules. These tubes are responsible for producing sperm cells.
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• Male Reproductive System (Internal)
• The internal organs of the male reproductive system, also called accessory organs, include the following:
1. Epididymis: is a long, coiled tube that rests on the backside of each testicle. It transports and stores
sperm cells that are produced in the testes. It also is the job of the epididymis to bring the sperm to
maturity, since the sperm that emerge from the testes are immature and incapable of fertilization. During
sexual arousal, contractions force the sperm into the vas deferens.
2. Vas deferens: The vas deferens is a long, muscular tube that travels from the epididymis into the pelvic
cavity, to just behind the bladder. The vas deferens transports mature sperm to the urethra, the tube that
carries urine or sperm to outside of the body, in preparation for ejaculation.
3. Ejaculatory ducts: These are formed by the fusion of the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles. The
ejaculatory ducts empty into the urethra.
4. Urethra: The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside of the body. In males, it
has the additional function of ejaculating semen when the man reaches orgasm. When the penis is erect
during sex, the flow of urine is blocked from the urethra, allowing only semen to be ejaculated at orgasm.
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5. Seminal vesicles: are sac-like pouches that attach to the vas deferens near the base of the bladder. The
seminal vesicles produce a sugar-rich fluid (fructose) that provides sperm with a source of energy to help
them move. The fluid of the seminal vesicles makes up most of the volume of a man's ejaculatory fluid,
or ejaculate.
6. Prostate gland: is a walnut-sized structure that is located below the urinary bladder in front of the
rectum. The prostate gland contributes additional fluid to the ejaculate. Prostate fluids also help to
nourish the sperm. The urethra, which carries the ejaculate to be expelled during orgasm, runs through
the center of the prostate gland.
7. Bulbourethral glands: Also called Cowper's glands, these are pea-sized structures located on the sides
of the urethra just below the prostate gland. These glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties
directly into the urethra. This fluid serves to lubricate the urethra and to neutralize any acidity that may be
present due to residual drops of urine in the urethra.
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Female Reproductive System (external)
• The function of the external female reproductive structures (the genitals) is twofold: To enable sperm to
enter the body and to protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms. The main external
structures of the female reproductive system include:
1. Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. Literally
translated as "large lips," the labia majora are relatively large and fleshy, and are comparable to the
scrotum in males. The labia majora contain sweat and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia majora
are covered with hair.
2. Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can be very small or up to 2 inches
wide. They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins
the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the
bladder to the outside of the body).
3. Bartholin's glands: These glands are located beside the vaginal opening and produce a fluid (mucus)
secretion.
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4. Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the
penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at
the end of the penis. Like the penis, the clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect.
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• The internal reproductive organs in the female include:
1. Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the body. It
also is known as the birth canal.
2. Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a developing fetus. The
uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower part that opens into the vagina, and the
main body of the uterus, called the corpus. The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A
channel through the cervix allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.
3. Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. The
ovaries produce eggs and hormones.
4. Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as
tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Conception, the fertilization of an
egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where
it implants into the lining of the uterine wall.
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
• The term sexually transmitted disease (STD) is used to refer to a condition passed from one person to
another through sexual contact. You can contract an STD by having unprotected vaginal, anal, or oral sex
with someone who has the STD.
Symptoms of STDs in men
1. pain or discomfort during sex or urination
2. sores, bumps, or rashes on or around the penis, testicles, anus, buttocks, thighs, or mouth
3. unusual discharge or bleeding from the penis
4. painful or swollen testicles
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Symptoms of STDs in women
1. pain or discomfort during sex or urination
2. sores, bumps, or rashes on or around the vagina, anus, buttocks, thighs, or mouth
3. unusual discharge or bleeding from the vagina
4. itchiness in or around the vagina
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Types of STDs
1. Chlamydia: is a common sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia

trachomatis. It can infect both men and women. Women can get chlamydia in the cervix, rectum, or
throat. Men can get chlamydia in the urethra (inside the penis), rectum, or throat.
Symptoms:
• pain or discomfort during sex or urination
• green or yellow discharge from the penis or vagina
• pain in the lower abdomen
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2. HPV (human papillomavirus): Human papillomavirus is a group of related viruses. They can cause
warts on different parts of your body. There are more than 200 types. About 40 of them are spread
through direct sexual contact with someone who has the virus. They can also spread through other
intimate, skin-to-skin contact. Some of these types can cause cancer.
• The most common symptom of HPV is warts on the genitals, mouth, or throat
3. Syphilis: is a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria. It infects the genital area, lips, mouth, or
anus of both men and women. You usually get syphilis from sexual contact with someone who has it. It can
also pass from mother to baby during pregnancy.
• The early stage of syphilis usually causes a single, small, painless sore. Sometimes it causes swelling in
nearby lymph nodes. If you do not treat it, syphilis usually causes a non-itchy skin rash, often on your
hands and feet. Many people do not notice symptoms for years. Symptoms can go away and come back.
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If left untreated, late-stage syphilis can lead to:
• loss of vision
• loss of hearing
• loss of memory
• mental illness
• infections of the brain or spinal cord
• heart disease
• death
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4. HIV: stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It harms your immune system by destroying the white
blood cells that fight infection. This puts you at risk for serious infections and certain cancers. AIDS stands for
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is the final stage of infection with HIV. Not everyone with HIV
develops AIDS.
• HIV most often spreads through unprotected sex with a person who has HIV. It may also spread by sharing
drug needles or through contact with the blood of a person who has HIV. Women can give it to their
babies during pregnancy or childbirth.
• The first signs of HIV infection may be swollen glands and flu-like symptoms. These may come and go
within two to four weeks. Severe symptoms may not appear until months or years later.
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5. Gonorrhea: Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease. It is most common in young adults. The
bacteria that cause gonorrhea can infect the genital tract, mouth, or anus. You can get gonorrhea during
vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an infected partner. A pregnant woman can pass it to her baby during childbirth.
• Gonorrhea does not always cause symptoms. In men, gonorrhea can cause pain when urinating and
discharge from the penis. If untreated, it can cause problems with the prostate and testicles.
• In women, the early symptoms of gonorrhea often are mild. Later, it can cause bleeding between periods,
pain when urinating, and increased discharge from the vagina. If untreated, it can lead to pelvic
inflammatory disease, which causes problems with pregnancy and infertility.
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Many people with gonorrhea develop no symptoms. But when present, symptoms may include:
• a white, yellow, beige, or green-colored discharge from the penis or vagina
• pain or discomfort during sex or urination
• more frequent urination than usual
• itching around the genitals
• sore throat
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6. Pubic lice: Crabs is another name for pubic lice. They’re tiny insects that can take up residence on your
pubic hair. Like head lice and body lice, they feed on human blood.
Common symptoms of pubic lice include:
• itching around the genitals or anus
• small pink or red bumps around the genitals or anus
• low-grade fever
• lack of energy
• irritability
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7. Trichomoniasis: also known as “trich.” It’s caused by a tiny protozoan organism that can be passed from
one person to another through genital contact.
When symptoms do develop, they may include:
• discharge from the vagina or penis
• burning or itching around the vagina or penis
• pain or discomfort during urination or sex
• frequent urination
In women, trich-related discharge often has an unpleasant or “fishy” smell.
If left untreated, trich can lead to:
• infections of the urethra
• pelvic inflammatory disease
• infertility
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8. Herpes: is the shortened name for the herpes simplex virus (HSV). There are two main strains of the virus,
HSV-1 and HSV-2. Both can be transmitted sexually. It’s a very common STD.
• HSV-1 primarily causes oral herpes, which is responsible for cold sores. However, HSV-1 can also be passed
from one person’s mouth to another person’s genitals during oral sex. When this happens, HSV-1 can
cause genital herpes.
• HSV-2 primarily causes genital herpes.
• The most common symptom of herpes is blistery sores. In the case of genital herpes, these sores develop
on or around the genitals. In oral herpes, they develop on or around the mouth.
• Herpes sores generally crust over and heal within a few weeks. The first outbreak is usually the most
painful. Outbreaks typically become less painful and frequent over time.
• If a pregnant woman has herpes, she can potentially pass it to her fetus in the womb or to her newborn
infant during childbirth. This so-called congenital herpes can be very dangerous to newborns. That’s why
it’s beneficial for pregnant women to become aware of their HSV status.
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9. Scabies: is a skin infestation caused by a mite known as the Sarcoptes scabiei. Untreated,
these microscopic mites can live on your skin for months. They reproduce on the surface of
your skin and then burrow into it and lay eggs. This causes an itchy, red rash to form on the
skin.
Common sites for scabies in older children and adults include the:
• wrist
• elbow
• armpit
• nipple
• penis
• waist
• buttocks
• area between the fingers

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PhilCST

PHILIPPINE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Understanding the Self

Male Reproductive System

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

1. Chlamydia: is a common sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by bacteria called Chlamydia

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

The Physical and Sexual Self

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